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fix: "an euclid" -> "a euclid"
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vEnhance committed Dec 22, 2024
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Expand Up @@ -439,10 +439,10 @@ \section{Extra: Euclidean domains}
We call a function $\Norm \colon R \to \ZZ_{\geq 0}$ that satisfies the two conditions above an
\vocab{Euclidean norm}, and an integral domain $R$ that has a norm an \vocab{Euclidean domain}.

\begin{example}[The ring of Gaussian integers is an Euclidean domain]
\begin{example}[The ring of Gaussian integers is a Euclidean domain]
On $\ZZ[i]$, the usual norm
\[ |a + bi| = a^2 + b^2 \]
is an Euclidean norm.
is a Euclidean norm.

Indeed, for any elements $a$ and $b$ with $b \neq 0$, we can compute the remainder $r$
by dividing $a$ by $b$, let $q$ be the Gaussian integer that is closest to $\frac{a}{b}$ (that
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -473,22 +473,22 @@ \section{Extra: Euclidean domains}
\end{asy}
\end{center}
\end{example}
\begin{example}[The ring of Eisenstein integers is an Euclidean domain]
\begin{example}[The ring of Eisenstein integers is a Euclidean domain]
Similarly, let $\omega = \frac{1 + \sqrt 3 i}{2}$ (that is $\omega^3 = -1$), then $\ZZ[\omega]$ is
an Euclidean domain with the usual norm
a Euclidean domain with the usual norm
\[ |a + bi| = a^2 + b^2 \]
or equivalently
\[ |a + b\omega| = a^2 + ab + b^2. \]
\end{example}
\begin{example}[The ring {$\ZZ[\sqrt{11}]$} is an Euclidean domain]
\begin{example}[The ring {$\ZZ[\sqrt{11}]$} is a Euclidean domain]
As before. This time, the natural norm\footnote{%
See \Cref{sec:norms_traces} for the explanation why this norm is the natural one.}
will be:
\[
\Norm_{\QQ(\sqrt{11})/\QQ}(a + b \sqrt 11) = (a + b \sqrt 11) (a - b \sqrt 11)
= a^2 - 11 b^2.
\]
Since we need an Euclidean norm, we will take $\Norm(a + b \sqrt 11) = |a^2 - 11 b^2|.$
Since we need a Euclidean norm, we will take $\Norm(a + b \sqrt 11) = |a^2 - 11 b^2|.$

Given two elements $a$ and $b$ in $\ZZ[\sqrt{11}]$ with $b \neq 0$,
we will try to compute $r$ such that $\Norm(r) < \Norm(b)$ as $r = a - q b$ as before.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -576,24 +576,24 @@ \section{Extra: Euclidean domains}
As such, rounding to the nearest point is not always the best way --- nevertheless, it can be
proven (by exhaustive case checking, similar to the case of $\ZZ[i]$) that for every value of
$\frac{a}{b} \in \QQ(\sqrt{11})$, there is some $q \in \ZZ[\sqrt{11}]$ such that
$\Norm(\frac{a}{b}-q) < 1$. Thus $\Norm$ is an Euclidean norm.
$\Norm(\frac{a}{b}-q) < 1$. Thus $\Norm$ is a Euclidean norm.
\end{example}

That having said, sometimes the natural norm of an Euclidean domain need not be Euclidean.
That having said, sometimes the natural norm of a Euclidean domain need not be Euclidean.
$\ZZ[\frac{1 + \sqrt{69}}{2}]$ is the first example.
%DOI 10.1007/BF02567617

\begin{example}[{$\QQ[x]$ is an Euclidean domain}]
\begin{example}[{$\QQ[x]$ is a Euclidean domain}]
Similarly, in $\QQ[x]$ we can let the norm be the degree of a polynomial --- the polynomial
division with remainder algorithm will take care of computing the $\gcd$.
\end{example}

Back to the topic of PID. In an Euclidean domain, you can compute the $\gcd$ of any two elements.
Back to the topic of PID. In a Euclidean domain, you can compute the $\gcd$ of any two elements.
What about an infinite family of elements?

Turns out the situation is very nice:
\begin{proposition}
An Euclidean domain is a PID.
A Euclidean domain is a PID.
\end{proposition}
Actually, we don't need to provide an explicit algorithm to compute the $\gcd$ of an infinite family
of elements --- of course any such algorithm cannot terminate in a finite amount of time! --- but we
Expand All @@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ \section{Extra: Euclidean domains}
\end{proof}


\begin{example}[{The ring $\ZZ[\frac{1 + \sqrt{-19}}{2}]$ is not an Euclidean domain}]
\begin{example}[{The ring $\ZZ[\frac{1 + \sqrt{-19}}{2}]$ is not a Euclidean domain}]
Let $R = \ZZ[\frac{1 + \sqrt{-19}}{2}]$.

With the above example in mind, what can we say about this ring?
Expand All @@ -630,10 +630,10 @@ \section{Extra: Euclidean domains}

We will prove the above claim. The general plan is:
\begin{itemize}
\ii Show that the existence of an Euclidean norm implies the existence of something that we
\ii Show that the existence of a Euclidean norm implies the existence of something that we
calls an \vocab{universal side divisor}.
\ii Show that $R$ has no universal side divisor.
\ii Thus, $R$ cannot have an Euclidean norm.
\ii Thus, $R$ cannot have a Euclidean norm.
\end{itemize}

First, look at the examples above of $\ZZ[i]$ and $\ZZ[\omega]$. We see that the units are the
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ \section{Extra: Euclidean domains}

Now, the connection between the two concepts considered above.
\begin{lemma}
In an Euclidean domain,
In a Euclidean domain,
the smallest-norm nonzero element $b$ that is not an unit is a universal side divisor.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Expand Down

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