chore(backport): Move to using Ruff for pre-commit

[matthewfeickert]

Description

• Backport components of:
  • chore: Move to using Ruff for pre-commit #2124
  • chore: ruff moved to astral-sh #2238
  • chore: [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate #2240
  • test: Add test for iterator exhaustion with next #2273

Checklist Before Requesting Reviewer

• Tests are passing
• "WIP" removed from the title of the pull request
• Selected an Assignee for the PR to be responsible for the log summary

Before Merging

For the PR Assignees:

• Summarize commit messages into a comprehensive review of the PR

* Backport components of:
   - https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyhf/pull/2124
   - https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyhf/pull/2238
   - https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyhf/pull/2240
   - https://github.com/scikit-hep/pyhf/pull/2273

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❗ No coverage uploaded for pull request base (release/v0.7.x@f97b885). Click here to learn what that means.
Patch has no changes to coverable lines.

Additional details and impacted files

@@                Coverage Diff                @@
##             release/v0.7.x    #2282   +/-   ##
=================================================
  Coverage                  ?   98.23%           
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  Files                     ?       69           
  Lines                     ?     4538           
  Branches                  ?      801           
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  Hits                      ?     4458           
  Misses                    ?       47           
  Partials                  ?       33           

Flag	Coverage Δ
contrib	27.54% <0.00%> (?)
doctest	61.06% <0.00%> (?)
unittests-3.10	96.27% <0.00%> (?)
unittests-3.11	96.27% <0.00%> (?)
unittests-3.7	96.25% <0.00%> (?)
unittests-3.8	96.29% <0.00%> (?)
unittests-3.9	96.31% <0.00%> (?)

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