Merge branch 'master' into python-magic-methods

flask-database/README.md

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+# Flask Series: Sample Project
+
+This repository contains the code for the `board` Flask sample project.
+
+## Setup
+
+You can run the provided example project on your local machine by following the steps outlined below.
+
+Create a new virtual environment:
+
+```bash
+python3 -m venv venv/
+```
+
+Activate the virtual environment:
+
+```bash
+source ./venv/bin/activate
+```
+
+Navigate to the folder for the step that you're currently on.
+
+Install the dependencies for this project if you haven't installed them yet:
+
+```bash
+(venv) $ python -m pip install -r requirements.txt
+```
+
+### Environment Variables
+
+This project works with environment variables that the application expects in a `.env` file inside the root directory of your project.
+
+Create a `.env` file with this content:
+
+```
+FLASK_SECRET_KEY="mysecretkey"
+FLASK_DATABASE="board.sqlite"
+```
+
+You can add your own content there, but you must define it before running the Flask application.
+
+#### Secret Key
+
+If you want to deploy your Flask app later, then it's a good idea to generate a proper secret key.
+
+If you need to create cryptographically sound data like a Flask secret key, then you can use Python's [`secrets`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/secrets.html) module:
+
+```pycon
+>>> import secrets
+>>> secrets.token_hex()
+'2e9ac41b1e0b66a8d93d66400e2300c4b4c2953f'
+```
+
+The `.token_hex()` method returns a [hexadecimal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal) string containing random numbers and letters from `0` to `9` and `a` to `f`. Use the value that `secrets.token_hex()` outputs for you and add it to your Flask project's `.env` file:
+
+```
+# .env
+
+FLASK_SECRET_KEY="2e9ac41b1e0b66a8d93d66400e2300c4b4c2953f"
+FLASK_DATABASE="board.sqlite"
+
+```
+
+To avoid saving the secret key directly in your code, it may be a good idea to work with [environment variables](https://12factor.net/config). You can learn more about that in the Flask documentation on [configuration handling](https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/2.3.x/config/).
+
+### Database
+
+To initialize the database, run this command:
+
+```bash
+(venv) $ python -m flask --app board init-db
+```
+
+If you used the content for the `.env` file from above, then you can find a `board.sqlite` database in the root directory of your project.
+
+## Development Server
+
+To run the Flask development server, enter this command in your terminal while being in the root directory of your project:
+
+```bash
+(venv) $ python -m flask --app board run --debug
+```
+
+Now you can navigate to the address that's shown in the output when you start the server. Commonly, that's `http://localhost:5000/`.

flask-database/board/__init__.py

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+import os
+from dotenv import load_dotenv
+from flask import Flask
+
+from board import pages, database, posts
+
+load_dotenv()
+
+
+def create_app():
+    app = Flask(__name__)
+    app.config.from_prefixed_env()
+
+    database.init_app(app)
+
+    app.register_blueprint(pages.bp)
+    app.register_blueprint(posts.bp)
+    print(f"Current Environment: {os.getenv('ENVIRONMENT')}")
+    print(f"Using Database: {app.config.get('DATABASE')}")
+    return app

flask-database/board/database.py

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+import sqlite3
+import click
+from flask import current_app, g
+
+
+def init_app(app):
+    app.teardown_appcontext(close_db)
+    app.cli.add_command(init_db_command)
+
+
+@click.command("init-db")
+def init_db_command():
+    db = get_db()
+
+    with current_app.open_resource("schema.sql") as f:
+        db.executescript(f.read().decode("utf8"))
+
+    click.echo("You successfully initialized the database!")
+
+
+def get_db():
+    if "db" not in g:
+        g.db = sqlite3.connect(
+            current_app.config["DATABASE"],
+            detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES,
+        )
+        g.db.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
+
+    return g.db
+
+
+def close_db(e=None):
+    db = g.pop("db", None)
+
+    if db is not None:
+        db.close()

flask-database/board/pages.py

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+from flask import Blueprint, render_template
+
+bp = Blueprint("pages", __name__)
+
+
+@bp.route("/")
+def home():
+    return render_template("pages/home.html")
+
+
+@bp.route("/about")
+def about():
+    return render_template("pages/about.html")

flask-database/board/posts.py

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+from flask import (
+    Blueprint,
+    redirect,
+    render_template,
+    request,
+    url_for,
+)
+
+from board.database import get_db
+
+bp = Blueprint("posts", __name__)
+
+
+@bp.route("/create", methods=("GET", "POST"))
+def create():
+    if request.method == "POST":
+        author = request.form["author"] or "Anonymous"
+        message = request.form["message"]
+
+        if message:
+            db = get_db()
+            db.execute(
+                "INSERT INTO post (author, message) VALUES (?, ?)",
+                (author, message),
+            )
+            db.commit()
+            return redirect(url_for("posts.posts"))
+
+    return render_template("posts/create.html")
+
+
+@bp.route("/posts")
+def posts():
+    db = get_db()
+    posts = db.execute(
+        "SELECT author, message, created FROM post ORDER BY created DESC"
+    ).fetchall()
+    return render_template("posts/posts.html", posts=posts)

flask-database/board/schema.sql

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+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS post;
+
+CREATE TABLE post (
+  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+  created TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+  author TEXT NOT NULL,
+  message TEXT NOT NULL
+);

flask-database/board/static/styles.css

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+* {
+    box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+
+body {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 20px;
+    margin: 0 auto;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+a,
+a:visited {
+    color: #007BFF;
+}
+
+a:hover {
+    color: #0056b3;
+}
+
+nav ul {
+    list-style-type: none;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+nav ul li {
+    display: inline;
+    margin: 0 5px;
+}
+
+main {
+    width: 80%;
+    margin: 0 auto;
+}
+
+article, form {
+    text-align: left;
+    min-width: 200px;
+    padding: 20px;
+    margin-bottom: 20px;
+    box-shadow: 0px 0px 10px #ccc;
+    vertical-align: top;
+}
+
+aside {
+    color: #ccc;
+    text-align: right;
+}
+
+form {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    margin-top: 20px;
+}
+
+.form-group {
+    margin-bottom: 20px;
+}
+
+.form-control {
+    width: 100%;
+    padding: 10px;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+.submit-btn {
+    background-color: #007BFF;
+    color: #fff;
+    border: none;
+    border-radius: 4px;
+    padding: 10px 20px;
+    cursor: pointer;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+.submit-btn:hover {
+    background-color: #0056b3;
+}
+
+.message {
+    font-size: 2.5em;
+    font-family: serif;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}

flask-database/board/templates/_navigation.html

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+<nav>
+  <ul>
+    <li><a href="{{ url_for('pages.home') }}">Home</a></li>
+    <li><a href="{{ url_for('pages.about') }}">About</a></li>
+    <li><a href="{{ url_for('posts.posts') }}">All Posts</a></li>
+    <li><a href="{{ url_for('posts.create') }}">Add Post</a></li>
+  </ul>
+</nav>

flask-database/board/templates/base.html

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+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <title>Message Board - {% block title %}{% endblock title %}</title>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='styles.css') }}">
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>Message Board</h1>
+{% include("_navigation.html") %}
+<section>
+  <header>
+    {% block header %}{% endblock header %}
+  </header>
+  <main>
+    {% block content %}<p>No messages.</p>{% endblock content %}
+  <main>
+</section>
+</body>
+</html>

flask-database/board/templates/pages/about.html

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+{% extends 'base.html' %}
+
+{% block header %}
+  <h2>{% block title %}About{% endblock title %}</h2>
+{% endblock header %}
+
+{% block content %}
+  <p>This is a message board for friendly messages.</p>
+{% endblock content %}

flask-database/board/templates/pages/home.html

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+{% extends 'base.html' %}
+
+{% block header %}
+  <h2>{% block title %}Home{% endblock title %}</h2>
+{% endblock header %}
+
+{% block content %}
+  <p>Learn more about this project by visiting the <a href="{{ url_for('pages.about') }}">About page</a>.</p>
+{% endblock content %}

flask-database/board/templates/posts/create.html

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+{% extends 'base.html' %}
+
+{% block header %}
+  <h2>{% block title %}Add Post{% endblock title %}</h2>
+{% endblock header %}
+
+{% block content %}
+  <form method="post">
+    <div class="form-group">
+        <label for="author">Your Name</label>
+        <input type="text" name="author" id="author" value="{{ request.form['author'] }}" class="form-control">
+    </div>
+    <div class="form-group">
+        <label for="message">Your Message</label>
+        <textarea name="message" id="message" class="form-control">{{ request.form['message'] }}</textarea>
+    </div>
+    <div class="form-group">
+        <input type="submit" value="Post Message" class="submit-btn">
+    </div>
+</form>
+{% endblock content %}

flask-database/board/templates/posts/posts.html

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+{% extends 'base.html' %}
+
+{% block header %}
+  <h2>{% block title %}Posts{% endblock title %}</h2>
+{% endblock header %}
+
+{% block content %}
+  {% for post in posts %}
+    <article>
+      <p class="message">{{ post["message"] }}<p>
+      <aside>Posted by {{ post["author"] }} on {{ post["created"].strftime("%b %d, %Y at %-I:%M%p") }}</aside>
+    </article>
+  {% endfor %}
+{% endblock content %}

flask-database/requirements.txt

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+click==8.1.7
+Flask==3.0.0
+python-dotenv==1.0.0