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### Project 5: Ocean warming

*Description*: Because of the human driven intensification of the greenhouse effect, the ocean is warming.
You can compute ocean heat content (OHC) and its trend with a regression (linear or not) for the entire ocean time series and extrapolate to the future, e.g. what is the expected ocean warming for the horizon 2100.

Instead of working globally, you can study the ocean warming locally. In that case, you can plot the local slopes of the different OHC time series and deduce where the ocean warming is moderate and where it is strong.

*Bibliography*:
[Ocean Climate scientific sheet](https://ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/1.-The-ocean-a-heat-reservoir-scientific-fact-sheets-2019.pdf),
[Last IPCC report on Ocean Heat Content changes](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_09.pdf#page=35), [IPCC fig 9.6](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_09.pdf#page=227), [Ocean warming](https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/ocean-warming), [Global Ocean Heat and Salt Content: Seasonal, Yearly, and Pentadal Fields](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/global-ocean-heat-content/), [European Indicator](https://marine.copernicus.eu/access-data/ocean-monitoring-indicators/global-ocean-heat-content-0-2000m)

*Data*:

By default, you can use the [EN4 dataset](https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/en4/) that is an interpolation of all available ocean observations (of temperature and salinity) onto a regular space/time grid.

This dataset can be accessed this way:

from intake import open_catalog
catalog_url = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/obidam/ds2-2025/main/ds2_data_catalog.yml'
cat = open_catalog(catalog_url)
ds = cat["en4"].to_dask()

or:

fs = gcsfs.GCSFileSystem(project="alert-ground-261008")
gcsmap = fs.get_mapper("opendata_bdo2020/EN.4.2.1.f.analysis.g10.zarr")
ds = xr.open_zarr(gcsmap)
But, if you wish, you can try to use [climate model simulations data](https://www.wcrp-climate.org/wgcm-cmip/wgcm-cmip6) that are accessible here: [CMIP6 data](https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/data-analytics/new-climate-model-data-now-google-public-datasets).

Get all the details and a starter notebook here:
https://github.com/obidam/ds2-2025/blob/main/projects/P5-OceanWarming-for-students.ipynb

### Project 6: Ocean warming contribution to Sea level rise

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