feat: support metadata table "snapshots" (#822)

Cargo.toml

@@ -101,3 +101,4 @@ volo-thrift = "0.10"
 hive_metastore = "0.1"
 tera = "1"
 zstd = "0.13.2"
+expect-test = "1"

crates/iceberg/Cargo.toml

@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ zstd = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 ctor = { workspace = true }
+expect-test = { workspace = true }
 iceberg-catalog-memory = { workspace = true }
 iceberg_test_utils = { path = "../test_utils", features = ["tests"] }
 pretty_assertions = { workspace = true }

crates/iceberg/src/lib.rs

@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ mod avro;
 pub mod io;
 pub mod spec;
 
+pub mod metadata_scan;
 pub mod scan;
 
 pub mod expr;

crates/iceberg/src/metadata_scan.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+//! Metadata table api.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use arrow_array::builder::{MapBuilder, PrimitiveBuilder, StringBuilder};
+use arrow_array::types::{Int64Type, TimestampMillisecondType};
+use arrow_array::RecordBatch;
+use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema, TimeUnit};
+
+use crate::spec::TableMetadata;
+use crate::table::Table;
+use crate::Result;
+
+/// Metadata table is used to inspect a table's history, snapshots, and other metadata as a table.
+///
+/// References:
+/// - <https://github.com/apache/iceberg/blob/ac865e334e143dfd9e33011d8cf710b46d91f1e5/core/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/MetadataTableType.java#L23-L39>
+/// - <https://iceberg.apache.org/docs/latest/spark-queries/#querying-with-sql>
+/// - <https://py.iceberg.apache.org/api/#inspecting-tables>
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct MetadataTable(Table);
+
+impl MetadataTable {
+    /// Creates a new metadata scan.
+    pub(super) fn new(table: Table) -> Self {
+        Self(table)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the snapshots table.
+    pub fn snapshots(&self) -> SnapshotsTable {
+        SnapshotsTable {
+            metadata_table: self,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn metadata(&self) -> &TableMetadata {
+        self.0.metadata()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Snapshots table.
+pub struct SnapshotsTable<'a> {
+    metadata_table: &'a MetadataTable,
+}
+
+impl<'a> SnapshotsTable<'a> {
+    /// Returns the schema of the snapshots table.
+    pub fn schema(&self) -> Schema {
+        Schema::new(vec![
+            Field::new(
+                "committed_at",
+                DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, Some("+00:00".into())),
+                false,
+            ),
+            Field::new("snapshot_id", DataType::Int64, false),
+            Field::new("parent_id", DataType::Int64, true),
+            Field::new("operation", DataType::Utf8, false),
+            Field::new("manifest_list", DataType::Utf8, false),
+            Field::new(
+                "summary",
+                DataType::Map(
+                    Arc::new(Field::new(
+                        "entries",
+                        DataType::Struct(
+                            vec![
+                                Field::new("keys", DataType::Utf8, false),
+                                Field::new("values", DataType::Utf8, true),
+                            ]
+                            .into(),
+                        ),
+                        false,
+                    )),
+                    false,
+                ),
+                false,
+            ),
+        ])
+    }
+
+    /// Scans the snapshots table.
+    pub fn scan(&self) -> Result<RecordBatch> {
+        let mut committed_at =
+            PrimitiveBuilder::<TimestampMillisecondType>::new().with_timezone("+00:00");
+        let mut snapshot_id = PrimitiveBuilder::<Int64Type>::new();
+        let mut parent_id = PrimitiveBuilder::<Int64Type>::new();
+        let mut operation = StringBuilder::new();
+        let mut manifest_list = StringBuilder::new();
+        let mut summary = MapBuilder::new(None, StringBuilder::new(), StringBuilder::new());
+
+        for snapshot in self.metadata_table.metadata().snapshots() {
+            committed_at.append_value(snapshot.timestamp_ms());
+            snapshot_id.append_value(snapshot.snapshot_id());
+            parent_id.append_option(snapshot.parent_snapshot_id());
+            manifest_list.append_value(snapshot.manifest_list());
+            operation.append_value(snapshot.summary().operation.as_str());
+            for (key, value) in &snapshot.summary().additional_properties {
+                summary.keys().append_value(key);
+                summary.values().append_value(value);
+            }
+            summary.append(true)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(RecordBatch::try_new(Arc::new(self.schema()), vec![
+            Arc::new(committed_at.finish()),
+            Arc::new(snapshot_id.finish()),
+            Arc::new(parent_id.finish()),
+            Arc::new(operation.finish()),
+            Arc::new(manifest_list.finish()),
+            Arc::new(summary.finish()),
+        ])?)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use expect_test::{expect, Expect};
+    use itertools::Itertools;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::scan::tests::TableTestFixture;
+
+    /// Snapshot testing to check the resulting record batch.
+    ///
+    /// - `expected_schema/data`: put `expect![[""]]` as a placeholder,
+    ///   and then run test with `UPDATE_EXPECT=1 cargo test` to automatically update the result,
+    ///   or use rust-analyzer (see [video](https://github.com/rust-analyzer/expect-test)).
+    ///   Check the doc of [`expect_test`] for more details.
+    /// - `ignore_check_columns`: Some columns are not stable, so we can skip them.
+    /// - `sort_column`: The order of the data might be non-deterministic, so we can sort it by a column.
+    fn check_record_batch(
+        record_batch: RecordBatch,
+        expected_schema: Expect,
+        expected_data: Expect,
+        ignore_check_columns: &[&str],
+        sort_column: Option<&str>,
+    ) {
+        let mut columns = record_batch.columns().to_vec();
+        if let Some(sort_column) = sort_column {
+            let column = record_batch.column_by_name(sort_column).unwrap();
+            let indices = arrow_ord::sort::sort_to_indices(column, None, None).unwrap();
+            columns = columns
+                .iter()
+                .map(|column| arrow_select::take::take(column.as_ref(), &indices, None).unwrap())
+                .collect_vec();
+        }
+
+        expected_schema.assert_eq(&format!(
+            "{}",
+            record_batch.schema().fields().iter().format(",\n")
+        ));
+        expected_data.assert_eq(&format!(
+            "{}",
+            record_batch
+                .schema()
+                .fields()
+                .iter()
+                .zip_eq(columns)
+                .map(|(field, column)| {
+                    if ignore_check_columns.contains(&field.name().as_str()) {
+                        format!("{}: (skipped)", field.name())
+                    } else {
+                        format!("{}: {:?}", field.name(), column)
+                    }
+                })
+                .format(",\n")
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_snapshots_table() {
+        let table = TableTestFixture::new().table;
+        let record_batch = table.metadata_table().snapshots().scan().unwrap();
+        check_record_batch(
+            record_batch,
+            expect![[r#"
+                Field { name: "committed_at", data_type: Timestamp(Millisecond, Some("+00:00")), nullable: false, dict_id: 0, dict_is_ordered: false, metadata: {} },
+                Field { name: "snapshot_id", data_type: Int64, nullable: false, dict_id: 0, dict_is_ordered: false, metadata: {} },
+                Field { name: "parent_id", data_type: Int64, nullable: true, dict_id: 0, dict_is_ordered: false, metadata: {} },
+                Field { name: "operation", data_type: Utf8, nullable: false, dict_id: 0, dict_is_ordered: false, metadata: {} },
+                Field { name: "manifest_list", data_type: Utf8, nullable: false, dict_id: 0, dict_is_ordered: false, metadata: {} },
+                Field { name: "summary", data_type: Map(Field { name: "entries", data_type: Struct([Field { name: "keys", data_type: Utf8, nullable: false, dict_id: 0, dict_is_ordered: false, metadata: {} }, Field { name: "values", data_type: Utf8, nullable: true, dict_id: 0, dict_is_ordered: false, metadata: {} }]), nullable: false, dict_id: 0, dict_is_ordered: false, metadata: {} }, false), nullable: false, dict_id: 0, dict_is_ordered: false, metadata: {} }"#]],
+            expect![[r#"
+                committed_at: PrimitiveArray<Timestamp(Millisecond, Some("+00:00"))>
+                [
+                  2018-01-04T21:22:35.770+00:00,
+                  2019-04-12T20:29:15.770+00:00,
+                ],
+                snapshot_id: PrimitiveArray<Int64>
+                [
+                  3051729675574597004,
+                  3055729675574597004,
+                ],
+                parent_id: PrimitiveArray<Int64>
+                [
+                  null,
+                  3051729675574597004,
+                ],
+                operation: StringArray
+                [
+                  "append",
+                  "append",
+                ],
+                manifest_list: (skipped),
+                summary: MapArray
+                [
+                  StructArray
+                -- validity: 
+                [
+                ]
+                [
+                -- child 0: "keys" (Utf8)
+                StringArray
+                [
+                ]
+                -- child 1: "values" (Utf8)
+                StringArray
+                [
+                ]
+                ],
+                  StructArray
+                -- validity: 
+                [
+                ]
+                [
+                -- child 0: "keys" (Utf8)
+                StringArray
+                [
+                ]
+                -- child 1: "values" (Utf8)
+                StringArray
+                [
+                ]
+                ],
+                ]"#]],
+            &["manifest_list"],
+            Some("committed_at"),
+        );
+    }
+}

crates/iceberg/src/scan.rs

@@ -961,7 +961,7 @@ impl FileScanTask {
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
+pub mod tests {
     use std::collections::HashMap;
     use std::fs;
     use std::fs::File;
@@ -990,13 +990,14 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::table::Table;
     use crate::TableIdent;
 
-    struct TableTestFixture {
+    pub struct TableTestFixture {
         table_location: String,
-        table: Table,
+        pub table: Table,
     }
 
     impl TableTestFixture {
-        fn new() -> Self {
+        #[allow(clippy::new_without_default)]
+        pub fn new() -> Self {
             let tmp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
             let table_location = tmp_dir.path().join("table1");
             let manifest_list1_location = table_location.join("metadata/manifests_list_1.avro");

crates/iceberg/src/spec/snapshot.rs

@@ -52,6 +52,18 @@ pub enum Operation {
     Delete,
 }
 
+impl Operation {
+    /// Returns the string representation (lowercase) of the operation.
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            Operation::Append => "append",
+            Operation::Replace => "replace",
+            Operation::Overwrite => "overwrite",
+            Operation::Delete => "delete",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
 /// Summarises the changes in the snapshot.
 pub struct Summary {

crates/iceberg/src/table.rs

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use crate::arrow::ArrowReaderBuilder;
 use crate::io::object_cache::ObjectCache;
 use crate::io::FileIO;
+use crate::metadata_scan::MetadataTable;
 use crate::scan::TableScanBuilder;
 use crate::spec::{TableMetadata, TableMetadataRef};
 use crate::{Error, ErrorKind, Result, TableIdent};
@@ -200,6 +201,12 @@ impl Table {
         TableScanBuilder::new(self)
     }
 
+    /// Creates a metadata table which provides table-like APIs for inspecting metadata.
+    /// See [`MetadataTable`] for more details.
+    pub fn metadata_table(self) -> MetadataTable {
+        MetadataTable::new(self)
+    }
+
     /// Returns the flag indicating whether the `Table` is readonly or not
     pub fn readonly(&self) -> bool {
         self.readonly