chore: Add pre-commit CI and make sure the repo passes it

[paleolimbot]

This PR updates the pre-commit added in #260 with a few options and ensures that the repo actually passes CI with it! I've found the ADBC pre-commit hooks to be very useful and look forward to using them here!

@WillAyd Any thoughts on the modifications/CI implementation?

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Merging #261 (1484453) into main (f41a561) will not change coverage.
The diff coverage is 75.00%.

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main     #261   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   87.16%   87.16%           
=======================================
  Files          63       63           
  Lines        9720     9720           
=======================================
  Hits         8472     8472           
  Misses       1248     1248           

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
r/src/buffer.c	82.53% <0.00%> (ø)
r/src/init.c	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/nanoarrow/nanoarrow.hpp	98.09% <ø> (ø)
r/src/array.c	95.81% <100.00%> (ø)
r/src/schema.c	92.55% <100.00%> (ø)
src/nanoarrow/array_stream.c	90.90% <100.00%> (ø)

... and 1 file with indirect coverage changes

📣 We’re building smart automated test selection to slash your CI/CD build times. Learn more

[WillAyd]

Without knowing yet how it is generated the only thing I wonder is if it is worth running against the dist folder, but guessing there is good reason to if you have included here

Nice work - lgtm