chore(go/adbc): bump minimum version to go1.21, update deps #2543

Job	Run time
clang-tidy	5m 29s
C/C++ (Conda/macos-latest)	6m 14s
Common Libraries (Conda/macos-latest)	4m 41s
C/C++ (Conda/macos-14)	2m 56s
Go (No CGO) (macos-latest)	5m 3s
Common Libraries (Conda/macos-14)	3m 36s
C/C++ (Conda/ubuntu-latest)	2m 2s
Go (No CGO) (macos-14)	1m 46s
Common Libraries (Conda/ubuntu-latest)	2m 57s
Go (No CGO) (ubuntu-latest)	58s
Go (No CGO) (windows-latest)	3m 51s
Python ${{ matrix.python }} (Conda/${{ matrix.os }})	0s
Go (CGO) (Conda/${{ matrix.os }})	0s
Documentation ${{ matrix.python }} (Conda/${{ matrix.os }})	0s
GLib/Ruby (Conda/${{ matrix.os }})	0s
	39m 33s

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