digest: expose `AssociatedAlgorithmIdentifier` through `CoreWrapper` #1637

Job	Run time
build (1.65.0, thumbv7em-none-eabi)	1m 24s
build (1.65.0, wasm32-unknown-unknown)	1m 23s
build (stable, thumbv7em-none-eabi)	13s
build (stable, wasm32-unknown-unknown)	8s
test (1.65.0)	1m 36s
test (stable)	10s
minimal-versions / minimal-versions	20s
	5m 14s

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