digest: expose `AssociatedAlgorithmIdentifier` through `CoreWrapper` #2739

Job	Run time
build (1.73.0, thumbv7em-none-eabi)	34s
minimal-versions	0s
test (1.73.0)	26s
build (1.73.0, wasm32-unknown-unknown)	39s
test (stable)	22s
build (stable, thumbv7em-none-eabi)	28s
test (nightly)	27s
build (stable, wasm32-unknown-unknown)	27s
	3m 23s

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