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typos reported by W24 PHIL679 students
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rzach committed May 1, 2024
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light this match in outer space, it would light. So the following
inference is invalid:
\begin{quote}
I the match were struck, it would light.
If the match were struck, it would light.

Therefore, if the match were struck in outer space, it would light.
\end{quote}
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Expand Up @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ \subsection{Examples of \usetoken{P}{derivation}}
\end{proof}

\begin{prob}
Give !!{derivation}s in intuitionistic logic of the following !!{formulas}:
Give !!{derivation}s in intuitionistic logic of the following !!{formula}s:
\begin{enumerate}
\item $(\lnot !A \lor !B) \lif (!A \lif !B)$
\item $\lnot\lnot\lnot !A \lif \lnot !A$
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Expand Up @@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
i.e., $\{p, \Box p, \Box p \lif p\}$. $p$ is true at all and only
the even numbers, $\Box p$ is true at all and only the odd numbers,
so $\Box p \lif p$ is true at all and only the even numbers. In
other words, every odd number makes $\Box p$ true and $p$ and $\Box
other words, every odd number makes $\Box p$ true but $p$ and $\Box
p \lif p$ false; every even number makes $p$ and $\Box p \lif p$
true, but $\Box p$ false. So $W^* = \{ [1], [2] \}$, where $[1] =
\{1, 3, 5, \dots\}$ and $[2] = \{2, 4, 6, \dots\}$. Since $2 \in
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13 changes: 7 additions & 6 deletions content/normal-modal-logic/filtrations/introduction.tex
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stop looking. If the !!{formula} has a finite countermodel, our procedure will
find it. But if it has no finite countermodel, we won't get an
answer. The !!{formula} may be valid (no countermodels at all), or it
have only an infinite countermodel, which we'll never look at. This
may have only an infinite countermodel, which we'll never look at. This
problem can be overcome if we can show that every !!{formula} that has
a countermodel has a finite countermodel. If this is the case we say
the logic has the \emph{finite model property}.
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finite structures is that of ``identifying'' !!{element}s of the
structure which behave the same way in relevant respects. If there are
infinitely many worlds in~$\mModel{M}$ that behave the same in
relevant respects, then we might hope that there are only finitely
many ``classes'' of such worlds. In other words, we partition the set
of worlds in the right way. Each partition contains infinitely many
worlds, but there are only finitely many partitions. Then we define a
new model~$\mModel{M^*}$ where the worlds are the partitions. Finitely
relevant respects, then we may be able to collect \emph{all} worlds in
finitely many (possibly infinite) ``classes'' of such worlds. In other
words, we should partition the set of worlds in the right way, i.e.,
in such a way that each partition contains infinitely many worlds, but
there are only finitely many partitions. Then we define a new
model~$\mModel{M^*}$ where the worlds are the partitions. Finitely
many partitions in the old model give us finitely many worlds in the
new model, i.e., a finite model. Let's call the partition a world~$w$
is in $[w]$. We'll want it to be the case that $\mSat{M}{!A}[w]$ iff
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We need to show that all instances of the schema are true at every
world in every model. So let $\mModel{M} = \tuple{W,R,V}$ and $w \in
W$ be arbitrary. To show that a conditional is true at a world we
assume the antecedent is true to show that consequent is true as
assume the antecedent is true to show that the consequent is true as
well. In this case, let $\mSat{M}{\Box(!A \lif !B)}[w]$ and
$\mSat{M}{\Box !A}[w]$. We need to show $\mSat{M}{\Box !B}[w]$. So let
$w'$ be arbitrary such that $Rww'$. Then by the first assumption
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