Zod

if you're happy and you know it, star this repo ⭐

Zod 2 is now in beta!

Most projects will be able to upgrade from v1 to v2 without any breaking changes. Zod 2 is recommended for all new projects. Find a breakdown of the new features and a simple migration guide here: https://github.com/colinhacks/zod/tree/v2

npm install zod@beta
yarn add zod@beta

What is Zod

Zod is a TypeScript-first schema declaration and validation library. I'm using the term "schema" to broadly refer to any data type/structure, from a simple string to a complex nested object.

Zod is designed to be as developer-friendly as possible. My goal is to eliminate duplicative type declarations wherever possible. With Zod, you declare a validator once and Zod will automatically infer the static TypeScript type. It's easy to compose simpler types into complex data structures.

Some other great aspects:

Zero dependencies
Plain JavaScript: works in browsers and Node.js
Tiny: 8kb minified + zipped
Immutability: methods (i.e. .optional() return a new instance
Concise, chainable interface
Functional approach: parse, don't validate

Sponsorship

I work on Zod in my free time, so if you're making money from a product that is built with Zod, I'd massively appreciate sponsorship at any level. For solo devs, I recommend the Chipotle Bowl tier or the Cup of Coffee tier. If you're making money from a product you built using Zod, consider the [Startup tier](Cup of Coffee tier). You can learn more about the tiers at github.com/sponsors/colinhacks.

Installation

To install the latest version:

npm install --save zod

yarn add zod

TypeScript requirements

Zod 1.x requires TypeScript 3.3+

Support for TS 3.2 was dropped with the release of [email protected] on 19 July 2020
You must enable strictNullChecks or use strict mode which includes strictNullChecks. Otherwise Zod can't correctly infer the types of your schemas!
```
// tsconfig.json
{
  // ...
  "compilerOptions": {
    // ...
    "strictNullChecks": true
  }
}
```

Usage

Zod is a validation library designed for optimal developer experience. It's a TypeScript-first schema declaration library with rigorous inferred types, incredible developer experience, and a few killer features missing from the existing libraries.

Zero dependencies (5kb compressed)
Immutability; methods (i.e. .optional() return a new instance
Concise, chainable interface
Functional approach ("Parse, don't validate!")

Primitives

You can create a Zod schema for any TypeScript primitive.

import * as z from 'zod';

// primitive values
z.string();
z.number();
z.bigint();
z.boolean();
z.date();

// empty types
z.undefined();
z.null();
z.void();

// catch-all types
z.any();
z.unknown();

Literals

const tuna = z.literal('tuna');
const twelve = z.literal(12);
const tru = z.literal(true);

Currently there is no support for Date or bigint literals in Zod. If you have a use case for this feature, please file an issue.

Validation

Parsing

.parse(data:unknown): T

Given any Zod schema, you can call its .parse method to check data is valid. If it is, a value is returned with full type information! Otherwise, an error is thrown.

IMPORTANT: After Zod 1.11, the value returned by .parse is a deep clone of the variable you passed in. This was also the case in [email protected] and earlier. The only exception to this is Union and Intersection schemas, which return the same value you pass in.

const stringSchema = z.string();
stringSchema.parse('fish'); // => returns "fish"
stringSchema.parse(12); // throws Error('Non-string type: number');

Safe parse

.safeParse(data:unknown): { success: true; data: T; } | { success: false; error: ZodError; }

If you don't want Zod to throw when validation errors occur, you can use .safeParse. This method returns an object, even if validation errors occur:

stringSchema.safeParse(12);
// => { success: false; error: ZodError }

stringSchema.safeParse('billie');
// => { success: true; data: 'billie' }

Because the result is a discriminated union you can handle errors very conveniently:

const result = stringSchema.safeParse('billie');
if (!result.success) {
  // handle error then return
  return;
}

// underneath the if statement, TypeScript knows
// that validation passed
console.log(result.data);

Errors thrown from within refinement functions will not be caught.

Type guards

.check(data:unknown)

You can also use a Zod schema as a type guard using the schema's .check() method, like so:

const stringSchema = z.string();
const blob: any = 'Albuquerque';
if (stringSchema.check(blob)) {
  // blob is now of type `string`
  // within this if statement
}

You can use the same method to check for invalid data:

const stringSchema = z.string();

const process = (blob: any) => {
  if (!stringSchema.check(blob)) {
    throw new Error('Not a string');
  }

  // blob is now of type `string`
  // underneath the if statement
};

Custom validation

.refine(validator: (data:T)=>any, params?: RefineParams)

Zod was designed to mirror TypeScript as closely as possible. But there are many so-called "refinement types" you may wish to check for that can't be represented in TypeScript's type system. For instance: checking that a number is an Int or that a string is a valid email address.

For example, you can define a custom validation check on any Zod schema with .refine:

const myString = z.string().refine(val => val.length <= 255, {
  message: "String can't be more than 255 characters",
});

As you can see, .refine takes two arguments.

The first is the validation function. This function takes one input (of type T — the inferred type of the schema) and returns any. Any truthy value will pass validation. (Prior to [email protected] the validation function had to return a boolean.)

The second argument is a params object. You can use this to customize certain error-handling behavior:

type RefineParams = {
  // override error message
  message?: string;

  // appended to error path
  path?: (string | number)[];

  // params object you can use to customize message
  // in error map
  params?: object;
};

These params let you define powerful custom behavior. Zod is commonly used for form validation. If you want to verify that "password" and "confirm" match, you can do so like this:

const passwordForm = z
  .object({
    password: z.string(),
    confirm: z.string(),
  })
  .refine(data => data.password === data.confirm, {
    message: "Passwords don't match",
    path: ['confirm'], // set path of error
  })
  .parse({ password: 'asdf', confirm: 'qwer' });

Because you provided a path parameter, the resulting error will be:

ZodError {
  errors: [{
    "code": "custom_error",
    "path": [ "confirm" ],
    "message": "Passwords don't match"
  }]
}

Note that the path is set to ["confirm"], so you can easily display this error underneath the "Confirm password" textbox.

Important note, the value passed to the path option is concatenated to the actual error path. So if you took passwordForm from above and nested it inside another object, you would still get the error path you expect.

const allForms = z.object({ passwordForm }).parse({
  passwordForm: {
    password: 'asdf',
    confirm: 'qwer',
  },
});

would result in

ZodError {
  errors: [{
    "code": "custom_error",
    "path": [ "passwordForm", "confirm" ],
    "message": "Passwords don't match"
  }]
}

Type inference

You can extract the TypeScript type of any schema with z.infer<typeof mySchema>.

const A = z.string();
type A = z.infer<typeof A>; // string

const u: A = 12; // TypeError
const u: A = 'asdf'; // compiles

We'll include examples of inferred types throughout the rest of the documentation.

Strings

There are a handful of string-specific validations.

All of these validations allow you to optionally specify a custom error message.

z.string().min(5);
z.string().max(5);
z.string().length(5);
z.string().email();
z.string().url();
z.string().uuid();
z.string().regex(regex);

Check out validator.js for a bunch of other useful string validation functions.

Custom error messages

Like .refine, The final (optional) argument is an object that lets you provide a custom error in the message field.

z.string().min(5, { message: 'Must be 5 or more characters long' });
z.string().max(5, { message: 'Must be 5 or fewer characters long' });
z.string().length(5, { message: 'Must be exactly 5 characters long' });
z.string().email({ message: 'Invalid email address.' });
z.string().url({ message: 'Invalid url' });
z.string().uuid({ message: 'Invalid UUID' });

To see the email and url regexes, check out this file. To use a more advanced method, use a custom refinement.

Numbers

There are a handful of number-specific validations.

z.number().min(5);
z.number().max(5);

z.number().int(); // value must be an integer

z.number().positive(); //     > 0
z.number().nonnegative(); //  >= 0
z.number().negative(); //     < 0
z.number().nonpositive(); //  <= 0

You can optionally pass in a params object as the second argument to provide a custom error message.

z.number().max(5, { message: 'this👏is👏too👏big' });

Objects

// all properties are required by default
const dogSchema = z.object({
  name: z.string(),
  neutered: z.boolean(),
});

type Dog = z.infer<typeof dogSchema>;
/* 
equivalent to:
type Dog = { 
  name:string; 
  neutered: boolean;
}
*/

const cujo = dogSchema.parse({
  name: 'Cujo',
  neutered: true,
}); // passes, returns Dog

const fido: Dog = {
  name: 'Fido',
}; // TypeError: missing required property `neutered`

`.shape` property

Use .shape to access an object schema's property schemas.

const Location = z.object({
  latitude: z.number(),
  longitude: z.number(),
});

const Business = z.object({
  location: Location,
});

Business.shape.location; // => Location schema

Merging

You can combine two object schemas with .merge, like so:

const BaseTeacher = z.object({ subjects: z.array(z.string()) });
const HasID = z.object({ id: z.string() });

const Teacher = BaseTeacher.merge(HasId);
type Teacher = z.infer<typeof Teacher>; // => { subjects: string[], id: string }

You're able to fluently chain together many .merge calls as well:

// chaining mixins
const Teacher = BaseTeacher.merge(HasId)
  .merge(HasName)
  .merge(HasAddress);

IMPORTANT: the schema returned by .merge is the intersection of the two schemas. The schema passed into .merge does not "overwrite" properties of the original schema. To demonstrate:

const Obj1 = z.object({ field: z.string() });
const Obj2 = z.object({ field: z.number() });

const Merged = Obj1.merge(Obj2);

type Merged = z.infer<typeof merged>;
// => { field: never }
// because no type can simultaneously be both a string and a number

To "overwrite" existing keys, use .extend (documented below).

Extending objects

You can add additional fields an object schema with the .extend method.

Before [email protected] this method was called .augment. The augment method is still available for backwards compatibility but it is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.

const Animal = z
  .object({
    species: z.string(),
  })
  .extend({
    population: z.number(),
  });

⚠️ You can use .extend to overwrite fields! Be careful with this power!

// overwrites `species`
const ModifiedAnimal = Animal.extend({
  species: z.array(z.string()),
});

// => { population: number, species: string[] }

Pick and omit

Object masking is one of Zod's killer features. It lets you create slight variations of your object schemas easily and succinctly. Inspired by TypeScript's built-in Pick and Omit utility types, all Zod object schemas have .pick and .omit methods that return a "masked" version of the schema.

const Recipe = z.object({
  id: z.string(),
  name: z.string(),
  ingredients: z.array(z.string()),
});

To only keep certain keys, use .pick.

const JustTheName = Recipe.pick({ name: true });

type JustTheName = z.infer<typeof JustTheName>;
// => { name: string }

To remove certain keys, use .omit.

const NoIDRecipe = Recipe.omit({ id: true });

type NoIDRecipe = z.infer<typeof NoIDRecipe>;
// => { name: string, ingredients: string[] }

This is useful for database logic, where endpoints often accept as input slightly modified versions of your database schemas. For instance, the input to a hypothetical createRecipe endpoint would accept the NoIDRecipe type, since the ID will be generated by your database automatically.

This is a vital feature for implementing typesafe backend logic, yet as far as I know, no other validation library (yup, Joi, io-ts, runtypes, class-validator, ow...) offers similar functionality as of this writing (April 2020). This is one of the must-have features that inspired the creation of Zod.

Primitives and nonprimitives

Zod provides a convenience method for automatically picking all primitive or non-primitive fields from an object schema.

const Post = z.object({
  title: z.string()
});

const User = z.object({
  id: z.number(),
  name: z.string(),
  posts: z.array(Post)
});

const UserFields = User.primitives();
typeof UserFields = z.infer<typeof UserFields>;
// => { id: number; name; string; }

const UserRelations = User.nonprimitives();
typeof UserFields = z.infer<typeof UserFields>;
// => { posts: Post[] }

These schemas are considering "primitive":

string
number
boolean
bigint
date
null/undefined
enums
any array of the above types
any union of the above types

Partials

Inspired by the built-in TypeScript utility type Partial, all Zod object schemas have a .partial method that makes all properties optional.

Starting from this object:

const user = z.object({
  username: z.string(),
  location: z.object({
    latitude: z.number(),
    longitude: z.number(),
  }),
});
/*
  { username: string, location: { city: number, state: number } }
*/

We can create a partial version:

const partialUser = user.partial();
/*
{ 
  username?: string | undefined,
  location?: {
    city: number;
    state: number;
  } | undefined
}
*/

// equivalent to:
const partialUser = z.object({
  username: user.shape.username.optional(),
  location: user.shape.location.optional(),
});

Or you can use .deepPartial:

const deepPartialUser = user.deepPartial();

/* 
{
  username?: string | undefined, 
  location?: {
    latitude?: number | undefined;
    longitude?: number | undefined;
  } | undefined
}
*/

Important limitation: deep partials only work as expected in hierarchies of object schemas. It also can't be used on recursive schemas currently, since creating a recursive schema requires casting to the generic ZodSchema type (which doesn't include all the methods of the ZodObject class). Currently an improved version of Zod is under development that will have better support for recursive schemas.

Unknown keys

By default, Zod object schemas do not allow unknown keys!

const dogSchema = z.object({
  name: z.string(),
  neutered: z.boolean(),
});

dogSchema.parse({
  name: 'Spot',
  neutered: true,
  color: 'brown',
}); // Error(`Unexpected keys in object: 'color'`)

This is an intentional decision to make Zod's behavior consistent with TypeScript. Consider this:

type Dog = z.infer<typeof dogSchema>;

const spot: Dog = {
  name: 'Spot',
  neutered: true,
  color: 'brown',
};
// TypeError: Object literal may only specify known
// properties, and 'color' does not exist in type Dog

TypeScript doesn't allow unknown keys when assigning to an object type, so neither does Zod (by default). If you want to allow this, just call the .nonstrict() method on any object schema:

const dogSchemaNonstrict = dogSchema.nonstrict();

dogSchemaNonstrict.parse({
  name: 'Spot',
  neutered: true,
  color: 'brown',
}); // passes

This change is reflected in the inferred type as well:

type NonstrictDog = z.infer<typeof dogSchemaNonstrict>;
/*
{
  name:string; 
  neutered: boolean;
  [k:string]: any;
} 
*/

Records

Record schemas are used to validate types such as this:

type NumberCache = { [k: string]: number };

If you want to validate that all the values of an object match some schema, without caring about the keys, you should use a Record.

const User = z.object({
  name: z.string(),
});

const UserStore = z.record(User);

type UserStore = z.infer<typeof UserStore>;
// => { [k: string]: User }

This is particularly useful for storing or caching items by ID.

const userStore: UserStore = {};

userStore['77d2586b-9e8e-4ecf-8b21-ea7e0530eadd'] = {
  name: 'Carlotta',
}; // passes

userStore['77d2586b-9e8e-4ecf-8b21-ea7e0530eadd'] = {
  whatever: 'Ice cream sundae',
}; // TypeError

And of course you can call .parse just like any other Zod schema.

UserStore.parse({
  user_1328741234: { name: 'James' },
}); // => passes

A note on numerical keys

You may have expected z.record() to accept two arguments, one for the keys and one for the values. After all, TypeScript's built-in Record type does: Record<KeyType, ValueType>. Otherwise, how do you represent the TypeScript type Record<number, any> in Zod?

As it turns out, TypeScript's behavior surrounding [k: number] is a little unintuitive:

const testMap: { [k: number]: string } = {
  1: 'one',
};

for (const key in testMap) {
  console.log(`${key}: ${typeof key}`);
}
// prints: `1: string`

As you can see, JavaScript automatically casts all object keys to strings under the hood.

Since Zod is trying to bridge the gap between static and runtime types, it doesn't make sense to provide a way of creating a record schema with numerical keys, since there's no such thing as a numerical key in runtime JavaScript.

Arrays

There are two ways to define array schemas:

`z.array(arg: ZodSchema)`

First, you can create an array schema with the z.array() function; it accepts another ZodSchema, which defines the type of each array element.

const stringArray = z.array(z.string());
// inferred type: string[]

the `.array()` method

Second, you can call the .array() method on any Zod schema:

const stringArray = z.string().array();
// inferred type: string[]

You have to be careful with the .array() method. It returns a new ZodArray instance. This means you need to be careful about the order in which you call methods. These two schemas are very different:

z.string()
  .undefined()
  .array(); // (string | undefined)[]
z.string()
  .array()
  .undefined(); // string[] | undefined

Non-empty lists

const nonEmptyStrings = z
  .string()
  .array()
  .nonempty();
// [string, ...string[]]

nonEmptyStrings.parse([]); // throws: "Array cannot be empty"
nonEmptyStrings.parse(['Ariana Grande']); // passes

Length validations

// must contain 5 or more items
z.array(z.string()).min(5);

// must contain 5 or fewer items
z.array(z.string()).max(5);

// must contain exactly 5 items
z.array(z.string()).length(5);

Unions

Zod includes a built-in z.union method for composing "OR" types.

const stringOrNumber = z.union([z.string(), z.number()]);

stringOrNumber.parse('foo'); // passes
stringOrNumber.parse(14); // passes

Optional types

Unions are the basis for defining optional schemas. An "optional string" is just the union of string and undefined.

const A = z.union([z.string(), z.undefined()]);

A.parse(undefined); // => passes, returns undefined
type A = z.infer<typeof A>; // string | undefined

Zod provides a shorthand way to make any schema optional:

const B = z.string().optional(); // equivalent to A

const C = z.object({
  username: z.string().optional(),
});
type C = z.infer<typeof C>; // { username?: string | undefined };

Nullable types

Similarly, you can create nullable types like so:

const D = z.union([z.string(), z.null()]);

Or you can use the shorthand .nullable():

const E = z.string().nullable(); // equivalent to D
type E = z.infer<typeof D>; // string | null

You can create unions of any two or more schemas.

/* Custom Union Types */

const F = z
  .union([z.string(), z.number(), z.boolean()])
  .optional()
  .nullable();

F.parse('tuna'); // => tuna
F.parse(42); // => 42
F.parse(true); // => true
F.parse(undefined); // => undefined
F.parse(null); // => null
F.parse({}); // => throws Error!

type F = z.infer<typeof F>; // string | number | boolean | undefined | null;

Enums

There are two ways to define enums in Zod.

Zod enums

An enum is just a union of string literals, so you could define an enum like this:

const FishEnum = z.union([
  z.literal('Salmon'),
  z.literal('Tuna'),
  z.literal('Trout'),
]);

FishEnum.parse('Salmon'); // => "Salmon"
FishEnum.parse('Flounder'); // => throws

For convenience Zod provides a built-in z.enum() function. Here's is the equivalent code:

const FishEnum = z.enum(['Salmon', 'Tuna', 'Trout']);

type FishEnum = z.infer<typeof FishEnum>;
// 'Salmon' | 'Tuna' | 'Trout'

Important! You need to pass the literal array directly into z.enum(). Do not define it separately, than pass it in as a variable! This is required for proper type inference.

Autocompletion

To get autocompletion with a Zod enum, use the .enum property of your schema:

FishEnum.enum.Salmon; // => autocompletes

FishEnum.enum;
/* 
=> {
  Salmon: "Salmon",
  Tuna: "Tuna",
  Trout: "Trout",
} 
*/

You can also retrieve the list of options as a tuple with the .options property:

FishEnum.options; // ["Salmon", "Tuna", "Trout"]);

Native enums

⚠️ nativeEnum() requires TypeScript 3.6 or higher!

Zod enums are the recommended approach to defining and validating enums. But there may be scenarios where you need to validate against an enum from a third-party library, or perhaps you don't want to rewrite your existing enums. For this you can use z.nativeEnum().

Numeric enums

enum Fruits {
  Apple,
  Banana,
}

const FruitEnum = z.nativeEnum(Fruits);
type FruitEnum = z.infer<typeof FruitEnum>; // Fruits

FruitEnum.parse(Fruits.Apple); // passes
FruitEnum.parse(Fruits.Banana); // passes
FruitEnum.parse(0); // passes
FruitEnum.parse(1); // passes
FruitEnum.parse(3); // fails

String enums

enum Fruits {
  Apple = 'apple',
  Banana = 'banana',
  Cantaloupe, // you can mix numerical and string enums
}

const FruitEnum = z.nativeEnum(Fruits);
type FruitEnum = z.infer<typeof FruitEnum>; // Fruits

FruitEnum.parse(Fruits.Apple); // passes
FruitEnum.parse(Fruits.Cantaloupe); // passes
FruitEnum.parse('apple'); // passes
FruitEnum.parse('banana'); // passes
FruitEnum.parse(0); // passes
FruitEnum.parse('Cantaloupe'); // fails

Const enums

The .nativeEnum() function works for as const objects as well. ⚠️ as const required TypeScript 3.4+!

const Fruits = {
  Apple: 'apple',
  Banana: 'banana',
  Cantaloupe: 3,
} as const;

const FruitEnum = z.nativeEnum(Fruits);
type FruitEnum = z.infer<typeof FruitEnum>; // "apple" | "banana" | 3

FruitEnum.parse('apple'); // passes
FruitEnum.parse('banana'); // passes
FruitEnum.parse(3); // passes
FruitEnum.parse('Cantaloupe'); // fails

Intersections

⚠️ Intersections are rarely useful. If you are trying to merge objects, use the .merge method instead. It's more readable and will provide better error reporting.

Intersections are useful for creating "logical AND" types.

const a = z.union([z.number(), z.string()]);
const b = z.union([z.number(), z.boolean()]);
const c = z.intersection(a, b);
type c = z.infer<typeof C>; // => number

const stringAndNumber = z.intersection(z.string(), z.number());
type Never = z.infer<typeof stringAndNumber>; // => never

Tuples

These differ from arrays in that they have a fixed number of elements, and each element can have a different type.

const athleteSchema = z.tuple([
  // takes an array of schemas
  z.string(), // name
  z.number(), // jersey number
  z.object({
    pointsScored: z.number(),
  }), // statistics
]);

type Athlete = z.infer<typeof athleteSchema>;
// type Athlete = [string, number, { pointsScored: number }]

Recursive types

You can define a recursive schema in Zod, but because of a limitation of TypeScript, their type can't be statically inferred. If you need a recursive Zod schema you'll need to define the type definition manually, and provide it to Zod as a "type hint".

interface Category {
  name: string;
  subcategories: Category[];
}

const Category: z.ZodSchema<Category> = z.lazy(() =>
  z.object({
    name: z.string(),
    subcategories: z.array(Category),
  }),
);

Category.parse({
  name: 'People',
  subcategories: [
    {
      name: 'Politicians',
      subcategories: [{ name: 'Presidents', subcategories: [] }],
    },
  ],
}); // passes

Unfortunately this code is a bit duplicative, since you're declaring the types twice: once in the interface and again in the Zod definition.

If your schema has lots of primitive fields, there's a way of reducing the amount of duplication:

// define all the non-recursive stuff here
const BaseCategory = z.object({
  name: z.string(),
  tags: z.array(z.string()),
  itemCount: z.number(),
});

// create an interface that extends the base schema
interface Category extends z.infer<typeof BaseCategory> {
  subcategories: Category[];
}

// merge the base schema with
// a new Zod schema containing relations
const Category: z.ZodSchema<Category> = BaseCategory.merge(
  z.object({
    subcategories: z.lazy(() => z.array(Category)),
  }),
);

JSON type

If you want to validate any JSON value, you can use the snippet below. This requires TypeScript 3.7 or higher!

type Literal = boolean | null | number | string;
type Json = Literal | { [key: string]: Json } | Json[];
const literalSchema = z.union([z.string(), z.number(), z.boolean(), z.null()]);
const jsonSchema: z.ZodSchema<Json> = z.lazy(() =>
  z.union([literalSchema, z.array(jsonSchema), z.record(jsonSchema)]),
);

jsonSchema.parse({
  // data
});

Thanks to ggoodman for suggesting this.

Cyclical objects

Validation still works as expected even when there are cycles in the data.

const cyclicalCategory: any = {
  name: 'Category A',
};

// creating a cycle
cyclicalCategory.subcategories = [cyclicalCategory];

const parsedCategory = Category.parse(cyclicalCategory); // parses successfully

parsedCategory.subcategories[0].subcategories[0].subcategories[0];
// => parsedCategory: Category;

Promises

As of [email protected], there is also support for Promise schemas!

const numberPromise = z.promise(z.number());

"Parsing" works a little differently with promise schemas. Validation happens in two parts:

Zod synchronously checks that the input is an instance of Promise (i.e. an object with .then and .catch methods.).
Zod waits for the promise to resolve then validates the resolved value.

numberPromise.parse('tuna');
// ZodError: Non-Promise type: string

numberPromise.parse(Promise.resolve('tuna'));
// => Promise<number>

const test = async () => {
  await numberPromise.parse(Promise.resolve('tuna'));
  // ZodError: Non-number type: string

  await numberPromise.parse(Promise.resolve(3.14));
  // => 3.14
};

Non-native promise implementations

When "parsing" a promise, Zod checks that the passed value is an object with .then and .catch methods — that's it. So you should be able to pass non-native Promises (Bluebird, etc) into z.promise(...).parse with no trouble. One gotcha: the return type of the parse function will be a native Promise, so if you have downstream logic that uses non-standard Promise methods, this won't work.

Instanceof

You can use z.instanceof to create a schema that checks if the input is an instance of a class.

class Test {
  name: string;
}

const TestSchema = z.instanceof(Test);

const blob: any = 'whatever';
if (TestSchema.check(blob)) {
  blob.name; // Test instance
}

Function schemas

Zod also lets you define "function schemas". This makes it easy to validate the inputs and outputs of a function without intermixing your validation code and "business logic".

You can create a function schema with z.function(args, returnType) which accepts these arguments.

args: ZodTuple The first argument is a tuple (created with z.tuple([...]) and defines the schema of the arguments to your function. If the function doesn't accept arguments, you can pass an empty tuple (z.tuple([])).
returnType: any Zod schema The second argument is the function's return type. This can be any Zod schema.

You can use the special z.void() option if your function doesn't return anything. This will let Zod properly infer the type of void-returning functions. (Void-returning function can actually return either undefined or null.)

const args = z.tuple([z.string()]);

const returnType = z.number();

const myFunction = z.function(args, returnType);
type myFunction = z.infer<typeof myFunction>;
// => (arg0: string)=>number

Function schemas have an .implement() method which accepts a function as input and returns a new function.

const myValidatedFunction = myFunction.implement(x => {
  // TypeScript knows x is a string!
  return x.trim().length;
});

myValidatedFunction now automatically validates both its inputs and return value against the schemas provided to z.function. If either is invalid, the function throws.

This way you can confidently write application logic in a "validated function" without worrying about invalid inputs, scattering schema.validate() calls in your endpoint definitions,or writing duplicative types for your functions.

Here's a more complex example showing how to write a typesafe API query endpoint:

const args = z.tuple([
  z.object({ id: z.string() }), // get by ID
]);

const returnType = z.promise(
  z.object({
    id: string(),
    name: string(),
  }),
);

const FetcherEndpoint = z.function(args, returnType);

const getUserByID = FetcherEndpoint.validate(args => {
  args; // => { id: string }

  const user = await User.findByID(args.id);

  // TypeScript statically verifies that value returned by
  // this function is of type Promise<{ id: string; name: string; }>
  return 'salmon'; // TypeError

  return user; // success
});

This is particularly useful for defining HTTP or RPC endpoints that accept complex payloads that require validation. Moreover, you can define your endpoints once with Zod and share the code with both your client and server code to achieve end-to-end type safety.

// Express example
server.get(`/user/:id`, async (req, res) => {
  const user = await getUserByID({ id: req.params.id }).catch(err => {
    res.status(400).send(err.message);
  });

  res.status(200).send(user);
});

Comparison

There are a handful of other widely-used validation libraries, but all of them have certain design limitations that make for a non-ideal developer experience.

Joi

https://github.com/hapijs/joi

Doesn't support static type inference 😕 Immediate disqualification, sorry Joi!

Yup

https://github.com/jquense/yup

Yup is a full-featured library that was implemented first in vanilla JS, and later rewritten in TypeScript.

Differences

Supports for casting and transformation
All object fields are optional by default
Missing object methods: (partial, deepPartial)
Missing promise schemas
Missing function schemas
Missing union & intersection schemas

io-ts

https://github.com/gcanti/io-ts

io-ts is an excellent library by gcanti. The API of io-ts heavily inspired the design of Zod.

In our experience, io-ts prioritizes functional programming purity over developer experience in many cases. This is a valid and admirable design goal, but it makes io-ts particularly hard to integrate into an existing codebase with a more procedural or object-oriented bias. For instance, consider how to define an object with optional properties in io-ts:

import * as t from 'io-ts';

const A = t.type({
  foo: t.string,
});

const B = t.partial({
  bar: t.number,
});

const C = t.intersection([A, B]);

type C = t.TypeOf<typeof C>;
// returns { foo: string; bar?: number | undefined }

You must define the required and optional props in separate object validators, pass the optionals through t.partial (which marks all properties as optional), then combine them with t.intersection.

Consider the equivalent in Zod:

const C = z.object({
  foo: z.string(),
  bar: z.number().optional(),
});

type C = z.infer<typeof C>;
// returns { foo: string; bar?: number | undefined }

This more declarative API makes schema definitions vastly more concise.

io-ts also requires the use of gcanti's functional programming library fp-ts to parse results and handle errors. This is another fantastic resource for developers looking to keep their codebase strictly functional. But depending on fp-ts necessarily comes with a lot of intellectual overhead; a developer has to be familiar with functional programming concepts and the fp-ts nomenclature to use the library.

Supports codecs with serialization & deserialization transforms
Supports branded types
Supports advanced functional programming, higher-kinded types, fp-ts compatibility
Missing object methods: (pick, omit, partial, deepPartial, merge, extend)
Missing nonempty arrays with proper typing ([T, ...T[]])
Missing lazy/recursive types
Missing promise schemas
Missing function schemas
Missing union & intersection schemas
Missing support for parsing cyclical data (maybe)
Missing error customization

Runtypes

https://github.com/pelotom/runtypes

Good type inference support, but limited options for object type masking (no .pick, .omit, .extend, etc.). No support for Records (their Record is equivalent to Zod's object). They DO support branded and readonly types, which Zod does not.

Supports "pattern matching": computed properties that distribute over unions
Supports readonly types
Missing object methods: (pick, omit, partial, deepPartial, merge, extend)
Missing nonempty arrays with proper typing ([T, ...T[]])
Missing lazy/recursive types
Missing promise schemas
Missing union & intersection schemas
Missing error customization
Missing record schemas (their "record" is equivalent to Zod "object")

Ow

https://github.com/sindresorhus/ow

Ow is focused on function input validation. It's a library that makes it easy to express complicated assert statements, but it doesn't let you parse untyped data. They support a much wider variety of types; Zod has a nearly one-to-one mapping with TypeScript's type system, whereas ow lets you validate several highly-specific types out of the box (e.g. int32Array, see full list in their README).

If you want to validate function inputs, use function schemas in Zod! It's a much simpler approach that lets you reuse a function type declaration without repeating yourself (namely, copy-pasting a bunch of ow assertions at the beginning of every function). Also Zod lets you validate your return types as well, so you can be sure there won't be any unexpected data passed downstream.

Changelog

View the changelog at CHANGELOG.md

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 405 Commits
src		src
.eslintignore		.eslintignore
.gitignore		.gitignore
.prettierrc		.prettierrc
CHANGELOG.md		CHANGELOG.md
CONTRIBUTING.md		CONTRIBUTING.md
ERROR_HANDLING.md		ERROR_HANDLING.md
FUNDING.yml		FUNDING.yml
INTEGRATIONS.MD		INTEGRATIONS.MD
LICENSE		LICENSE
README.md		README.md
coverage.svg		coverage.svg
jest.config.json		jest.config.json
logo.svg		logo.svg
package.json		package.json
tsconfig.json		tsconfig.json
tsconfig.package.json		tsconfig.package.json
tslint.json		tslint.json
yarn-error.log		yarn-error.log
yarn.lock		yarn.lock

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MoSheikh/zod

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