nasnet.py

"""NASNet-A models for Keras.

NASNet refers to Neural Architecture Search Network, a family of models
that were designed automatically by learning the model architectures
directly on the dataset of interest.

Here we consider NASNet-A, the highest performance model that was found
for the CIFAR-10 dataset, and then extended to ImageNet 2012 dataset,
obtaining state of the art performance on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet 2012.
Only the NASNet-A models, and their respective weights, which are suited
for ImageNet 2012 are provided.

The below table describes the performance on ImageNet 2012:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Architecture       | Top-1 Acc | Top-5 Acc |  Multiply-Adds |  Params (M)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   NASNet-A (4 @ 1056)  |   74.0 %  |   91.6 %  |       564 M    |     5.3    |
|   NASNet-A (6 @ 4032)  |   82.7 %  |   96.2 %  |      23.8 B    |    88.9    |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Weights obtained from the official TensorFlow repository found at
https://github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/master/research/slim/nets/nasnet

# References

 - [Learning Transferable Architectures for Scalable Image Recognition]
    (https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.07012)

This model is based on the following implementations:

 - [TF Slim Implementation]
   (https://github.com/tensorflow/models/blob/master/research/slim/nets/nasnet/nasnet.py)
 - [TensorNets implementation]
   (https://github.com/taehoonlee/tensornets/blob/master/tensornets/nasnets.py)
"""
from __future__ import print_function
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division

import os
import warnings

from . import correct_pad
from . import get_submodules_from_kwargs
from . import imagenet_utils
from .imagenet_utils import decode_predictions
from .imagenet_utils import _obtain_input_shape

BASE_WEIGHTS_PATH = ('https://github.com/titu1994/Keras-NASNet/'
                     'releases/download/v1.2/')
NASNET_MOBILE_WEIGHT_PATH = BASE_WEIGHTS_PATH + 'NASNet-mobile.h5'
NASNET_MOBILE_WEIGHT_PATH_NO_TOP = BASE_WEIGHTS_PATH + 'NASNet-mobile-no-top.h5'
NASNET_LARGE_WEIGHT_PATH = BASE_WEIGHTS_PATH + 'NASNet-large.h5'
NASNET_LARGE_WEIGHT_PATH_NO_TOP = BASE_WEIGHTS_PATH + 'NASNet-large-no-top.h5'

backend = None
layers = None
models = None
keras_utils = None


def NASNet(input_shape=None,
           penultimate_filters=4032,
           num_blocks=6,
           stem_block_filters=96,
           skip_reduction=True,
           filter_multiplier=2,
           include_top=True,
           weights=None,
           input_tensor=None,
           pooling=None,
           classes=1000,
           default_size=None,
           **kwargs):
    '''Instantiates a NASNet model.

    Optionally loads weights pre-trained on ImageNet.
    Note that the data format convention used by the model is
    the one specified in your Keras config at `~/.keras/keras.json`.

    # Arguments
        input_shape: Optional shape tuple, the input shape
            is by default `(331, 331, 3)` for NASNetLarge and
            `(224, 224, 3)` for NASNetMobile.
            It should have exactly 3 input channels,
            and width and height should be no smaller than 32.
            E.g. `(224, 224, 3)` would be one valid value.
        penultimate_filters: Number of filters in the penultimate layer.
            NASNet models use the notation `NASNet (N @ P)`, where:
                -   N is the number of blocks
                -   P is the number of penultimate filters
        num_blocks: Number of repeated blocks of the NASNet model.
            NASNet models use the notation `NASNet (N @ P)`, where:
                -   N is the number of blocks
                -   P is the number of penultimate filters
        stem_block_filters: Number of filters in the initial stem block
        skip_reduction: Whether to skip the reduction step at the tail
            end of the network.
        filter_multiplier: Controls the width of the network.
            - If `filter_multiplier` < 1.0, proportionally decreases the number
                of filters in each layer.
            - If `filter_multiplier` > 1.0, proportionally increases the number
                of filters in each layer.
            - If `filter_multiplier` = 1, default number of filters from the
                 paper are used at each layer.
        include_top: Whether to include the fully-connected
            layer at the top of the network.
        weights: `None` (random initialization) or
            `imagenet` (ImageNet weights)
        input_tensor: Optional Keras tensor (i.e. output of
            `layers.Input()`)
            to use as image input for the model.
        pooling: Optional pooling mode for feature extraction
            when `include_top` is `False`.
            - `None` means that the output of the model
                will be the 4D tensor output of the
                last convolutional layer.
            - `avg` means that global average pooling
                will be applied to the output of the
                last convolutional layer, and thus
                the output of the model will be a
                2D tensor.
            - `max` means that global max pooling will
                be applied.
        classes: Optional number of classes to classify images
            into, only to be specified if `include_top` is True, and
            if no `weights` argument is specified.
        default_size: Specifies the default image size of the model

    # Returns
        A Keras model instance.

    # Raises
        ValueError: In case of invalid argument for `weights`,
            invalid input shape or invalid `penultimate_filters` value.
    '''
    global backend, layers, models, keras_utils
    backend, layers, models, keras_utils = get_submodules_from_kwargs(kwargs)

    if not (weights in {'imagenet', None} or os.path.exists(weights)):
        raise ValueError('The `weights` argument should be either '
                         '`None` (random initialization), `imagenet` '
                         '(pre-training on ImageNet), '
                         'or the path to the weights file to be loaded.')

    if weights == 'imagenet' and include_top and classes != 1000:
        raise ValueError('If using `weights` as `"imagenet"` with `include_top` '
                         'as true, `classes` should be 1000')

    if (isinstance(input_shape, tuple) and
            None in input_shape and
            weights == 'imagenet'):
        raise ValueError('When specifying the input shape of a NASNet'
                         ' and loading `ImageNet` weights, '
                         'the input_shape argument must be static '
                         '(no None entries). Got: `input_shape=' +
                         str(input_shape) + '`.')

    if default_size is None:
        default_size = 331

    # Determine proper input shape and default size.
    input_shape = _obtain_input_shape(input_shape,
                                      default_size=default_size,
                                      min_size=32,
                                      data_format=backend.image_data_format(),
                                      require_flatten=include_top,
                                      weights=weights)

    if backend.image_data_format() != 'channels_last':
        warnings.warn('The NASNet family of models is only available '
                      'for the input data format "channels_last" '
                      '(width, height, channels). '
                      'However your settings specify the default '
                      'data format "channels_first" (channels, width, height).'
                      ' You should set `image_data_format="channels_last"` '
                      'in your Keras config located at ~/.keras/keras.json. '
                      'The model being returned right now will expect inputs '
                      'to follow the "channels_last" data format.')
        backend.set_image_data_format('channels_last')
        old_data_format = 'channels_first'
    else:
        old_data_format = None

    if input_tensor is None:
        img_input = layers.Input(shape=input_shape)
    else:
        if not backend.is_keras_tensor(input_tensor):
            img_input = layers.Input(tensor=input_tensor, shape=input_shape)
        else:
            img_input = input_tensor

    if penultimate_filters % (24 * (filter_multiplier ** 2)) != 0:
        raise ValueError(
            'For NASNet-A models, the `penultimate_filters` must be a multiple '
            'of 24 * (`filter_multiplier` ** 2). Current value: %d' %
            penultimate_filters)

    channel_dim = 1 if backend.image_data_format() == 'channels_first' else -1
    filters = penultimate_filters // 24

    x = layers.Conv2D(stem_block_filters, (3, 3),
                      strides=(2, 2),
                      padding='valid',
                      use_bias=False,
                      name='stem_conv1',
                      kernel_initializer='he_normal')(img_input)

    x = layers.BatchNormalization(
        axis=channel_dim, momentum=0.9997, epsilon=1e-3, name='stem_bn1')(x)

    p = None
    x, p = _reduction_a_cell(x, p, filters // (filter_multiplier ** 2),
                             block_id='stem_1')
    x, p = _reduction_a_cell(x, p, filters // filter_multiplier,
                             block_id='stem_2')

    for i in range(num_blocks):
        x, p = _normal_a_cell(x, p, filters, block_id='%d' % (i))

    x, p0 = _reduction_a_cell(x, p, filters * filter_multiplier,
                              block_id='reduce_%d' % (num_blocks))

    p = p0 if not skip_reduction else p

    for i in range(num_blocks):
        x, p = _normal_a_cell(x, p, filters * filter_multiplier,
                              block_id='%d' % (num_blocks + i + 1))

    x, p0 = _reduction_a_cell(x, p, filters * filter_multiplier ** 2,
                              block_id='reduce_%d' % (2 * num_blocks))

    p = p0 if not skip_reduction else p

    for i in range(num_blocks):
        x, p = _normal_a_cell(x, p, filters * filter_multiplier ** 2,
                              block_id='%d' % (2 * num_blocks + i + 1))

    x = layers.Activation('relu')(x)

    if include_top:
        x = layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
        x = layers.Dense(classes, activation='softmax', name='predictions')(x)
    else:
        if pooling == 'avg':
            x = layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
        elif pooling == 'max':
            x = layers.GlobalMaxPooling2D()(x)

    # Ensure that the model takes into account
    # any potential predecessors of `input_tensor`.
    if input_tensor is not None:
        inputs = keras_utils.get_source_inputs(input_tensor)
    else:
        inputs = img_input

    model = models.Model(inputs, x, name='NASNet')

    # Load weights.
    if weights == 'imagenet':
        if default_size == 224:  # mobile version
            if include_top:
                weights_path = keras_utils.get_file(
                    'nasnet_mobile.h5',
                    NASNET_MOBILE_WEIGHT_PATH,
                    cache_subdir='models',
                    file_hash='020fb642bf7360b370c678b08e0adf61')
            else:
                weights_path = keras_utils.get_file(
                    'nasnet_mobile_no_top.h5',
                    NASNET_MOBILE_WEIGHT_PATH_NO_TOP,
                    cache_subdir='models',
                    file_hash='1ed92395b5b598bdda52abe5c0dbfd63')
            model.load_weights(weights_path)
        elif default_size == 331:  # large version
            if include_top:
                weights_path = keras_utils.get_file(
                    'nasnet_large.h5',
                    NASNET_LARGE_WEIGHT_PATH,
                    cache_subdir='models',
                    file_hash='11577c9a518f0070763c2b964a382f17')
            else:
                weights_path = keras_utils.get_file(
                    'nasnet_large_no_top.h5',
                    NASNET_LARGE_WEIGHT_PATH_NO_TOP,
                    cache_subdir='models',
                    file_hash='d81d89dc07e6e56530c4e77faddd61b5')
            model.load_weights(weights_path)
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                'ImageNet weights can only be loaded with NASNetLarge'
                ' or NASNetMobile')
    elif weights is not None:
        model.load_weights(weights)

    if old_data_format:
        backend.set_image_data_format(old_data_format)

    return model


def NASNetLarge(input_shape=None,
                include_top=True,
                weights='imagenet',
                input_tensor=None,
                pooling=None,
                classes=1000,
                **kwargs):
    '''Instantiates a NASNet model in ImageNet mode.

    Optionally loads weights pre-trained on ImageNet.
    Note that the data format convention used by the model is
    the one specified in your Keras config at `~/.keras/keras.json`.

    # Arguments
        input_shape: Optional shape tuple, only to be specified
            if `include_top` is False (otherwise the input shape
            has to be `(331, 331, 3)` for NASNetLarge.
            It should have exactly 3 inputs channels,
            and width and height should be no smaller than 32.
            E.g. `(224, 224, 3)` would be one valid value.
        include_top: Whether to include the fully-connected
            layer at the top of the network.
        weights: `None` (random initialization) or
            `imagenet` (ImageNet weights)
        input_tensor: Optional Keras tensor (i.e. output of
            `layers.Input()`)
            to use as image input for the model.
        pooling: Optional pooling mode for feature extraction
            when `include_top` is `False`.
            - `None` means that the output of the model
                will be the 4D tensor output of the
                last convolutional layer.
            - `avg` means that global average pooling
                will be applied to the output of the
                last convolutional layer, and thus
                the output of the model will be a
                2D tensor.
            - `max` means that global max pooling will
                be applied.
        classes: Optional number of classes to classify images
            into, only to be specified if `include_top` is True, and
            if no `weights` argument is specified.

    # Returns
        A Keras model instance.

    # Raises
        ValueError: in case of invalid argument for `weights`,
            or invalid input shape.
        RuntimeError: If attempting to run this model with a
            backend that does not support separable convolutions.
    '''
    return NASNet(input_shape,
                  penultimate_filters=4032,
                  num_blocks=6,
                  stem_block_filters=96,
                  skip_reduction=True,
                  filter_multiplier=2,
                  include_top=include_top,
                  weights=weights,
                  input_tensor=input_tensor,
                  pooling=pooling,
                  classes=classes,
                  default_size=331,
                  **kwargs)


def NASNetMobile(input_shape=None,
                 include_top=True,
                 weights='imagenet',
                 input_tensor=None,
                 pooling=None,
                 classes=1000,
                 **kwargs):
    '''Instantiates a Mobile NASNet model in ImageNet mode.

    Optionally loads weights pre-trained on ImageNet.
    Note that the data format convention used by the model is
    the one specified in your Keras config at `~/.keras/keras.json`.

    # Arguments
        input_shape: Optional shape tuple, only to be specified
            if `include_top` is False (otherwise the input shape
            has to be `(224, 224, 3)` for NASNetMobile
            It should have exactly 3 inputs channels,
            and width and height should be no smaller than 32.
            E.g. `(224, 224, 3)` would be one valid value.
        include_top: Whether to include the fully-connected
            layer at the top of the network.
        weights: `None` (random initialization) or
            `imagenet` (ImageNet weights)
        input_tensor: Optional Keras tensor (i.e. output of
            `layers.Input()`)
            to use as image input for the model.
        pooling: Optional pooling mode for feature extraction
            when `include_top` is `False`.
            - `None` means that the output of the model
                will be the 4D tensor output of the
                last convolutional layer.
            - `avg` means that global average pooling
                will be applied to the output of the
                last convolutional layer, and thus
                the output of the model will be a
                2D tensor.
            - `max` means that global max pooling will
                be applied.
        classes: Optional number of classes to classify images
            into, only to be specified if `include_top` is True, and
            if no `weights` argument is specified.

    # Returns
        A Keras model instance.

    # Raises
        ValueError: In case of invalid argument for `weights`,
            or invalid input shape.
        RuntimeError: If attempting to run this model with a
            backend that does not support separable convolutions.
    '''
    return NASNet(input_shape,
                  penultimate_filters=1056,
                  num_blocks=4,
                  stem_block_filters=32,
                  skip_reduction=False,
                  filter_multiplier=2,
                  include_top=include_top,
                  weights=weights,
                  input_tensor=input_tensor,
                  pooling=pooling,
                  classes=classes,
                  default_size=224,
                  **kwargs)


def _separable_conv_block(ip, filters,
                          kernel_size=(3, 3),
                          strides=(1, 1),
                          block_id=None):
    '''Adds 2 blocks of [relu-separable conv-batchnorm].

    # Arguments
        ip: Input tensor
        filters: Number of output filters per layer
        kernel_size: Kernel size of separable convolutions
        strides: Strided convolution for downsampling
        block_id: String block_id

    # Returns
        A Keras tensor
    '''
    channel_dim = 1 if backend.image_data_format() == 'channels_first' else -1

    with backend.name_scope('separable_conv_block_%s' % block_id):
        x = layers.Activation('relu')(ip)
        if strides == (2, 2):
            x = layers.ZeroPadding2D(
                padding=correct_pad(backend, x, kernel_size),
                name='separable_conv_1_pad_%s' % block_id)(x)
            conv_pad = 'valid'
        else:
            conv_pad = 'same'
        x = layers.SeparableConv2D(filters, kernel_size,
                                   strides=strides,
                                   name='separable_conv_1_%s' % block_id,
                                   padding=conv_pad, use_bias=False,
                                   kernel_initializer='he_normal')(x)
        x = layers.BatchNormalization(
            axis=channel_dim,
            momentum=0.9997,
            epsilon=1e-3,
            name='separable_conv_1_bn_%s' % (block_id))(x)
        x = layers.Activation('relu')(x)
        x = layers.SeparableConv2D(filters, kernel_size,
                                   name='separable_conv_2_%s' % block_id,
                                   padding='same',
                                   use_bias=False,
                                   kernel_initializer='he_normal')(x)
        x = layers.BatchNormalization(
            axis=channel_dim,
            momentum=0.9997,
            epsilon=1e-3,
            name='separable_conv_2_bn_%s' % (block_id))(x)
    return x


def _adjust_block(p, ip, filters, block_id=None):
    '''Adjusts the input `previous path` to match the shape of the `input`.

    Used in situations where the output number of filters needs to be changed.

    # Arguments
        p: Input tensor which needs to be modified
        ip: Input tensor whose shape needs to be matched
        filters: Number of output filters to be matched
        block_id: String block_id

    # Returns
        Adjusted Keras tensor
    '''
    channel_dim = 1 if backend.image_data_format() == 'channels_first' else -1
    img_dim = 2 if backend.image_data_format() == 'channels_first' else -2

    ip_shape = backend.int_shape(ip)

    if p is not None:
        p_shape = backend.int_shape(p)

    with backend.name_scope('adjust_block'):
        if p is None:
            p = ip

        elif p_shape[img_dim] != ip_shape[img_dim]:
            with backend.name_scope('adjust_reduction_block_%s' % block_id):
                p = layers.Activation('relu',
                                      name='adjust_relu_1_%s' % block_id)(p)
                p1 = layers.AveragePooling2D(
                    (1, 1),
                    strides=(2, 2),
                    padding='valid',
                    name='adjust_avg_pool_1_%s' % block_id)(p)
                p1 = layers.Conv2D(
                    filters // 2, (1, 1),
                    padding='same',
                    use_bias=False, name='adjust_conv_1_%s' % block_id,
                    kernel_initializer='he_normal')(p1)

                p2 = layers.ZeroPadding2D(padding=((0, 1), (0, 1)))(p)
                p2 = layers.Cropping2D(cropping=((1, 0), (1, 0)))(p2)
                p2 = layers.AveragePooling2D(
                    (1, 1),
                    strides=(2, 2),
                    padding='valid',
                    name='adjust_avg_pool_2_%s' % block_id)(p2)
                p2 = layers.Conv2D(
                    filters // 2, (1, 1),
                    padding='same',
                    use_bias=False,
                    name='adjust_conv_2_%s' % block_id,
                    kernel_initializer='he_normal')(p2)

                p = layers.concatenate([p1, p2], axis=channel_dim)
                p = layers.BatchNormalization(
                    axis=channel_dim,
                    momentum=0.9997,
                    epsilon=1e-3,
                    name='adjust_bn_%s' % block_id)(p)

        elif p_shape[channel_dim] != filters:
            with backend.name_scope('adjust_projection_block_%s' % block_id):
                p = layers.Activation('relu')(p)
                p = layers.Conv2D(
                    filters,
                    (1, 1),
                    strides=(1, 1),
                    padding='same',
                    name='adjust_conv_projection_%s' % block_id,
                    use_bias=False,
                    kernel_initializer='he_normal')(p)
                p = layers.BatchNormalization(
                    axis=channel_dim,
                    momentum=0.9997,
                    epsilon=1e-3,
                    name='adjust_bn_%s' % block_id)(p)
    return p


def _normal_a_cell(ip, p, filters, block_id=None):
    '''Adds a Normal cell for NASNet-A (Fig. 4 in the paper).

    # Arguments
        ip: Input tensor `x`
        p: Input tensor `p`
        filters: Number of output filters
        block_id: String block_id

    # Returns
        A Keras tensor
    '''
    channel_dim = 1 if backend.image_data_format() == 'channels_first' else -1

    with backend.name_scope('normal_A_block_%s' % block_id):
        p = _adjust_block(p, ip, filters, block_id)

        h = layers.Activation('relu')(ip)
        h = layers.Conv2D(
            filters, (1, 1),
            strides=(1, 1),
            padding='same',
            name='normal_conv_1_%s' % block_id,
            use_bias=False,
            kernel_initializer='he_normal')(h)
        h = layers.BatchNormalization(
            axis=channel_dim,
            momentum=0.9997,
            epsilon=1e-3,
            name='normal_bn_1_%s' % block_id)(h)

        with backend.name_scope('block_1'):
            x1_1 = _separable_conv_block(
                h, filters,
                kernel_size=(5, 5),
                block_id='normal_left1_%s' % block_id)
            x1_2 = _separable_conv_block(
                p, filters,
                block_id='normal_right1_%s' % block_id)
            x1 = layers.add([x1_1, x1_2], name='normal_add_1_%s' % block_id)

        with backend.name_scope('block_2'):
            x2_1 = _separable_conv_block(
                p, filters, (5, 5),
                block_id='normal_left2_%s' % block_id)
            x2_2 = _separable_conv_block(
                p, filters, (3, 3),
                block_id='normal_right2_%s' % block_id)
            x2 = layers.add([x2_1, x2_2], name='normal_add_2_%s' % block_id)

        with backend.name_scope('block_3'):
            x3 = layers.AveragePooling2D(
                (3, 3),
                strides=(1, 1),
                padding='same',
                name='normal_left3_%s' % (block_id))(h)
            x3 = layers.add([x3, p], name='normal_add_3_%s' % block_id)

        with backend.name_scope('block_4'):
            x4_1 = layers.AveragePooling2D(
                (3, 3),
                strides=(1, 1),
                padding='same',
                name='normal_left4_%s' % (block_id))(p)
            x4_2 = layers.AveragePooling2D(
                (3, 3),
                strides=(1, 1),
                padding='same',
                name='normal_right4_%s' % (block_id))(p)
            x4 = layers.add([x4_1, x4_2], name='normal_add_4_%s' % block_id)

        with backend.name_scope('block_5'):
            x5 = _separable_conv_block(h, filters,
                                       block_id='normal_left5_%s' % block_id)
            x5 = layers.add([x5, h], name='normal_add_5_%s' % block_id)

        x = layers.concatenate([p, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5],
                               axis=channel_dim,
                               name='normal_concat_%s' % block_id)
    return x, ip


def _reduction_a_cell(ip, p, filters, block_id=None):
    '''Adds a Reduction cell for NASNet-A (Fig. 4 in the paper).

    # Arguments
        ip: Input tensor `x`
        p: Input tensor `p`
        filters: Number of output filters
        block_id: String block_id

    # Returns
        A Keras tensor
    '''
    channel_dim = 1 if backend.image_data_format() == 'channels_first' else -1

    with backend.name_scope('reduction_A_block_%s' % block_id):
        p = _adjust_block(p, ip, filters, block_id)

        h = layers.Activation('relu')(ip)
        h = layers.Conv2D(
            filters, (1, 1),
            strides=(1, 1),
            padding='same',
            name='reduction_conv_1_%s' % block_id,
            use_bias=False,
            kernel_initializer='he_normal')(h)
        h = layers.BatchNormalization(
            axis=channel_dim,
            momentum=0.9997,
            epsilon=1e-3,
            name='reduction_bn_1_%s' % block_id)(h)
        h3 = layers.ZeroPadding2D(
            padding=correct_pad(backend, h, 3),
            name='reduction_pad_1_%s' % block_id)(h)

        with backend.name_scope('block_1'):
            x1_1 = _separable_conv_block(
                h, filters, (5, 5),
                strides=(2, 2),
                block_id='reduction_left1_%s' % block_id)
            x1_2 = _separable_conv_block(
                p, filters, (7, 7),
                strides=(2, 2),
                block_id='reduction_right1_%s' % block_id)
            x1 = layers.add([x1_1, x1_2], name='reduction_add_1_%s' % block_id)

        with backend.name_scope('block_2'):
            x2_1 = layers.MaxPooling2D(
                (3, 3),
                strides=(2, 2),
                padding='valid',
                name='reduction_left2_%s' % block_id)(h3)
            x2_2 = _separable_conv_block(
                p, filters, (7, 7),
                strides=(2, 2),
                block_id='reduction_right2_%s' % block_id)
            x2 = layers.add([x2_1, x2_2], name='reduction_add_2_%s' % block_id)

        with backend.name_scope('block_3'):
            x3_1 = layers.AveragePooling2D(
                (3, 3),
                strides=(2, 2),
                padding='valid',
                name='reduction_left3_%s' % block_id)(h3)
            x3_2 = _separable_conv_block(
                p, filters, (5, 5),
                strides=(2, 2),
                block_id='reduction_right3_%s' % block_id)
            x3 = layers.add([x3_1, x3_2], name='reduction_add3_%s' % block_id)

        with backend.name_scope('block_4'):
            x4 = layers.AveragePooling2D(
                (3, 3),
                strides=(1, 1),
                padding='same',
                name='reduction_left4_%s' % block_id)(x1)
            x4 = layers.add([x2, x4])

        with backend.name_scope('block_5'):
            x5_1 = _separable_conv_block(
                x1, filters, (3, 3),
                block_id='reduction_left4_%s' % block_id)
            x5_2 = layers.MaxPooling2D(
                (3, 3),
                strides=(2, 2),
                padding='valid',
                name='reduction_right5_%s' % block_id)(h3)
            x5 = layers.add([x5_1, x5_2], name='reduction_add4_%s' % block_id)

        x = layers.concatenate(
            [x2, x3, x4, x5],
            axis=channel_dim,
            name='reduction_concat_%s' % block_id)
        return x, ip


def preprocess_input(x, **kwargs):
    """Preprocesses a numpy array encoding a batch of images.

    # Arguments
        x: a 4D numpy array consists of RGB values within [0, 255].

    # Returns
        Preprocessed array.
    """
    return imagenet_utils.preprocess_input(x, mode='tf', **kwargs)