Switch CI to Go 1.23

[sashabaranov]

Go 1.23 introduced a very useful to us go vet analyzer that would allow us to check compatibility with all Go versions this library supports (down to Go 1.18!)

The go vet subcommand now includes the stdversion analyzer, which flags references to symbols that are too new for the version of Go in effect in the referring file. (The effective version is determined by the go directive in the file’s enclosing go.mod file, and by any //go:build constraints in the file.)

For example, it will report a diagnostic for a reference to the reflect.TypeFor function (introduced in go1.22) from a file in a module whose go.mod file specifies go 1.21.

https://go.dev/doc/go1.23#vet