Rules

The following rules are available in this create. This list is generated from the rules module in the source code and can be turned on or off and configured in the config file.

Rule Index

Rule Code	Rule Name	Description
AL01	aliasing.table	Implicit/explicit aliasing of table.
AL02	aliasing.column	Implicit/explicit aliasing of columns.
AL03	aliasing.expression	Column expression without alias. Use explicit `AS` clause.
AL04	aliasing.unique.table	Table aliases should be unique within each clause.
AL05	aliasing.unused	Tables should not be aliased if that alias is not used.
AL06	aliasing.length	Identify aliases in from clause and join conditions
AL07	aliasing.forbid	Avoid table aliases in from clauses and join conditions.
AL08	layout.cte_newline	Column aliases should be unique within each clause.
AL09	aliasing.self_alias.column	Find self-aliased columns and fix them
AM01	ambiguous.distinct	Ambiguous use of 'DISTINCT' in a 'SELECT' statement with 'GROUP BY'.
AM02	ambiguous.union	Look for UNION keyword not immediately followed by DISTINCT or ALL
AM03	ambiguous.order_by	Ambiguous ordering directions for columns in order by clause.
AM04	ambiguous.column_count	Outermost query should produce known number of columns.
AM05	ambiguous.join	Join clauses should be fully qualified.
AM06	ambiguous.column_references	Inconsistent column references in 'GROUP BY/ORDER BY' clauses.
AM07	ambiguous.set_columns	All queries in set expression should return the same number of columns.
CP01	capitalisation.keywords	Inconsistent capitalisation of keywords.
CP02	capitalisation.identifiers	Inconsistent capitalisation of unquoted identifiers.
CP03	capitalisation.functions	Inconsistent capitalisation of function names.
CP04	capitalisation.literals	Inconsistent capitalisation of boolean/null literal.
CP05	capitalisation.types	Inconsistent capitalisation of datatypes.
CV01	convention.not_equal	Consistent usage of `!=` or `<>` for "not equal to" operator.
CV02	convention.coalesce	Use 'COALESCE' instead of 'IFNULL' or 'NVL'.
CV03	convention.select_trailing_comma	Trailing commas within select clause
CV04	convention.count_rows	Use consistent syntax to express "count number of rows".
CV05	convention.is_null	Relational operators should not be used to check for NULL values.
CV06	convention.terminator	Statements must end with a semi-colon.
CV07	convention.statement_brackets	Top-level statements should not be wrapped in brackets.
CV08	convention.left_join	Use LEFT JOIN instead of RIGHT JOIN.
CV09	convention.blocked_words	Block a list of configurable words from being used.
CV10	convention.quoted_literals	Consistent usage of preferred quotes for quoted literals.
CV11	convention.casting_style	Enforce consistent type casting style.
LT01	layout.spacing	Inappropriate Spacing.
LT02	layout.indent	Incorrect Indentation.
LT03	layout.operators	Operators should follow a standard for being before/after newlines.
LT04	layout.commas	Leading/Trailing comma enforcement.
LT05	layout.long_lines	Line is too long.
LT06	layout.functions	Function name not immediately followed by parenthesis.
LT07	layout.cte_bracket	'WITH' clause closing bracket should be on a new line.
LT08	layout.cte_newline	Blank line expected but not found after CTE closing bracket.
LT09	layout.select_targets	Select targets should be on a new line unless there is only one select target.
LT10	layout.select_modifiers	'SELECT' modifiers (e.g. 'DISTINCT') must be on the same line as 'SELECT'.
LT11	layout.set_operators	Set operators should be surrounded by newlines.
LT12	layout.end_of_file	Files must end with a single trailing newline.
LT13	layout.start_of_file	Files must not begin with newlines or whitespace.
RF01	references.from	References cannot reference objects not present in 'FROM' clause.
RF02	references.qualification	References should be qualified if select has more than one referenced table/view.
RF03	references.consistent	References should be consistent in statements with a single table.
RF04	references.keywords	Keywords should not be used as identifiers.
RF05	references.special_chars	Do not use special characters in identifiers.
RF06	references.quoting	Unnecessary quoted identifier.
ST01	structure.else_null	Do not specify 'else null' in a case when statement (redundant).
ST02	structure.simple_case	Unnecessary 'CASE' statement.
ST03	structure.unused_cte	Query defines a CTE (common-table expression) but does not use it.
ST04	structure.nested_case	Nested `CASE` statement in `ELSE` clause could be flattened.
ST05	structure.subquery	Join/From clauses should not contain subqueries. Use CTEs instead.
ST06	structure.column_order	Select wildcards then simple targets before calculations and aggregates.
ST07	structure.using	Prefer specifying join keys instead of using `USING`.
ST08	structure.distinct	Looking for DISTINCT before a bracket
ST09	structure.join_condition_order	Joins should list the table referenced earlier/later first.

Rule Details

aliasing.table

Implicit/explicit aliasing of table.

Code: AL01

Groups: all, aliasing

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, the alias voo is implicit.

SELECT
    voo.a
FROM foo voo

Best practice

Add AS to make the alias explicit.

SELECT
    voo.a
FROM foo AS voo

aliasing.column

Implicit/explicit aliasing of columns.

Code: AL02

Groups: all, core, aliasing

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, the alias for column a is implicit.

SELECT
  a alias_col
FROM foo

Best practice

Add the AS keyword to make the alias explicit.

SELECT
    a AS alias_col
FROM foo

aliasing.expression

Column expression without alias. Use explicit AS clause.

Code: AL03

Groups: all, core, aliasing

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, there is no alias for both sums.

SELECT
    sum(a),
    sum(b)
FROM foo

Best practice

Add aliases.

SELECT
    sum(a) AS a_sum,
    sum(b) AS b_sum
FROM foo

aliasing.unique.table

Table aliases should be unique within each clause.

Code: AL04

Groups: all, core, aliasing

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, the alias t is reused for two different tables:

SELECT
    t.a,
    t.b
FROM foo AS t, bar AS t

-- This can also happen when using schemas where the
-- implicit alias is the table name:

SELECT
    a,
    b
FROM
    2020.foo,
    2021.foo

Best practice

Make all tables have a unique alias.

SELECT
    f.a,
    b.b
FROM foo AS f, bar AS b

-- Also use explicit aliases when referencing two tables
-- with the same name from two different schemas.

SELECT
    f1.a,
    f2.b
FROM
    2020.foo AS f1,
    2021.foo AS f2

aliasing.unused

Tables should not be aliased if that alias is not used.

Code: AL05

Groups: all, core, aliasing

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, alias zoo is not used.

SELECT
    a
FROM foo AS zoo

Best practice

Use the alias or remove it. An unused alias makes code harder to read without changing any functionality.

SELECT
    zoo.a
FROM foo AS zoo

-- Alternatively...

SELECT
    a
FROM foo

aliasing.length

Identify aliases in from clause and join conditions

Code: AL06

Groups: all, core, aliasing

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, alias o is used for the orders table.

SELECT
    SUM(o.amount) as order_amount,
FROM orders as o

Best practice

Avoid aliases. Avoid short aliases when aliases are necessary.

aliasing.forbid

Avoid table aliases in from clauses and join conditions.

Code: AL07

Groups: all, aliasing

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, alias o is used for the orders table, and c is used for customers table.

SELECT
    COUNT(o.customer_id) as order_amount,
    c.name
FROM orders as o
JOIN customers as c on o.id = c.user_id

Best practice

Avoid aliases.

SELECT
    COUNT(orders.customer_id) as order_amount,
    customers.name
FROM orders
JOIN customers on orders.id = customers.user_id

-- Self-join will not raise issue

SELECT
    table1.a,
    table_alias.b,
FROM
    table1
    LEFT JOIN table1 AS table_alias ON
        table1.foreign_key = table_alias.foreign_key

layout.cte_newline

Column aliases should be unique within each clause.

Code: AL08

Groups: all, core, aliasing

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, alias o is used for the orders table, and c is used for customers table.

SELECT
    COUNT(o.customer_id) as order_amount,
    c.name
FROM orders as o
JOIN customers as c on o.id = c.user_id

Best practice

Avoid aliases.

SELECT
    COUNT(orders.customer_id) as order_amount,
    customers.name
FROM orders
JOIN customers on orders.id = customers.user_id

-- Self-join will not raise issue

SELECT
    table1.a,
    table_alias.b,
FROM
    table1
    LEFT JOIN table1 AS table_alias ON
        table1.foreign_key = table_alias.foreign_key

aliasing.self_alias.column

Find self-aliased columns and fix them

Code: AL09

Groups: all, core, aliasing

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

Aliasing the column to itself.

SELECT
    col AS col
FROM table;

Best practice

Not to use alias to rename the column to its original name. Self-aliasing leads to redundant code without changing any functionality.

SELECT
    col
FROM table;

ambiguous.distinct

Ambiguous use of 'DISTINCT' in a 'SELECT' statement with 'GROUP BY'.

Code: AM01

Groups: all, core, ambiguous

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

DISTINCT and `GROUP BY are conflicting.

SELECT DISTINCT
    a
FROM foo
GROUP BY a

Best practice

Remove DISTINCT or GROUP BY. In our case, removing GROUP BY is better.

SELECT DISTINCT
    a
FROM foo

ambiguous.union

Look for UNION keyword not immediately followed by DISTINCT or ALL

Code: AM02

Groups: all, core, ambiguous

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, UNION DISTINCT should be preferred over UNION, because explicit is better than implicit.

SELECT a, b FROM table_1
UNION
SELECT a, b FROM table_2

Best practice

Specify DISTINCT or ALL after UNION (note that DISTINCT is the default behavior).

SELECT a, b FROM table_1
UNION DISTINCT
SELECT a, b FROM table_2

Dialects where this rule is skipped: bigquery, postgres, snowflake, clickhouse, sparksql, duckdb

ambiguous.order_by

Ambiguous ordering directions for columns in order by clause.

Code: AM03

Groups: all, ambiguous

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, the ORDER BY clause is ambiguous because some columns are explicitly ordered, while others are not.

SELECT
    a, b
FROM foo
ORDER BY a, b DESC

Best practice

If any columns in the ORDER BY clause specify ASC or DESC, they should all do so.

SELECT
    a, b
FROM foo
ORDER BY a ASC, b DESC

ambiguous.column_count

Outermost query should produce known number of columns.

Code: AM04

Groups: all, ambiguous

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

Querying all columns using * produces a query result where the number or ordering of columns changes if the upstream table's schema changes. This should generally be avoided because it can cause slow performance, cause important schema changes to go undetected, or break production code. For example:

If a query does SELECT t.* and is expected to return columns a, b, and c, the actual columns returned will be wrong/different if columns are added to or deleted from the input table.
UNION and DIFFERENCE clauses require the inputs have the same number of columns (and compatible types).
JOIN queries may break due to new column name conflicts, e.g. the query references a column c which initially existed in only one input table but a column of the same name is added to another table.
CREATE TABLE (<<column schema>>) AS SELECT *

WITH cte AS (
    SELECT * FROM foo
)

SELECT * FROM cte
UNION
SELECT a, b FROM t

Best practice

Somewhere along the "path" to the source data, specify columns explicitly.

WITH cte AS (
    SELECT * FROM foo
)

SELECT a, b FROM cte
UNION
SELECT a, b FROM t

ambiguous.join

Join clauses should be fully qualified.

Code: AM05

Groups: all, ambiguous

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, UNION DISTINCT should be preferred over UNION, because explicit is better than implicit.

SELECT a, b FROM table_1
UNION
SELECT a, b FROM table_2

Best practice

Specify DISTINCT or ALL after UNION (note that DISTINCT is the default behavior).

SELECT a, b FROM table_1
UNION DISTINCT
SELECT a, b FROM table_2

ambiguous.column_references

Inconsistent column references in 'GROUP BY/ORDER BY' clauses.

Code: AM06

Groups: all, core, ambiguous

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, the ORRDER BY clause mixes explicit and implicit order by column references.

SELECT
    a, b
FROM foo
ORDER BY a, b DESC

Best practice

If any columns in the ORDER BY clause specify ASC or DESC, they should all do so.

SELECT
    a, b
FROM foo
ORDER BY a ASC, b DESC

ambiguous.set_columns

All queries in set expression should return the same number of columns.

Code: AM07

Groups: all, ambiguous

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

When writing set expressions, all queries must return the same number of columns.

WITH cte AS (
    SELECT
        a,
        b
    FROM foo
)
SELECT * FROM cte
UNION
SELECT
    c,
    d,
    e
 FROM t

Best practice

Always specify columns when writing set queries and ensure that they all seleect same number of columns.

WITH cte AS (
    SELECT a, b FROM foo
)
SELECT
    a,
    b
FROM cte
UNION
SELECT
    c,
    d
FROM t

capitalisation.keywords

Inconsistent capitalisation of keywords.

Code: CP01

Groups: all, core, capitalisation

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, select is in lower-case whereas FROM is in upper-case.

select
    a
FROM foo

Best practice

Make all keywords either in upper-case or in lower-case.

SELECT
    a
FROM foo

-- Also good

select
    a
from foo

capitalisation.identifiers

Inconsistent capitalisation of unquoted identifiers.

Code: CP02

Groups: all, core, capitalisation

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, unquoted identifier a is in lower-case but B is in upper-case.

select
    a,
    B
from foo

Best practice

Ensure all unquoted identifiers are either in upper-case or in lower-case.

select
    a,
    b
from foo

-- Also good

select
    A,
    B
from foo

capitalisation.functions

Inconsistent capitalisation of function names.

Code: CP03

Groups: all, core, capitalisation

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, the two SUM functions don’t have the same capitalisation.

SELECT
    sum(a) AS aa,
    SUM(b) AS bb
FROM foo

Best practice

Make the case consistent.

SELECT
    sum(a) AS aa,
    sum(b) AS bb
FROM foo

capitalisation.literals

Inconsistent capitalisation of boolean/null literal.

Code: CP04

Groups: all, core, capitalisation

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, null and false are in lower-case whereas TRUE is in upper-case.

select
    a,
    null,
    TRUE,
    false
from foo

Best practice

Ensure all literal null/true/false literals are consistently upper or lower case

select
    a,
    NULL,
    TRUE,
    FALSE
from foo

-- Also good

select
    a,
    null,
    true,
    false
from foo

capitalisation.types

Inconsistent capitalisation of datatypes.

Code: CP05

Groups: all, core, capitalisation

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, int and unsigned are in lower-case whereas VARCHAR is in upper-case.

CREATE TABLE t (
    a int unsigned,
    b VARCHAR(15)
);

Best practice

Ensure all datatypes are consistently upper or lower case

CREATE TABLE t (
    a INT UNSIGNED,
    b VARCHAR(15)
);

convention.not_equal

Consistent usage of != or <> for "not equal to" operator.

Code: CV01

Groups: all, convention

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

Consistent usage of != or <> for "not equal to" operator.

SELECT * FROM X WHERE 1 <> 2 AND 3 != 4;

Best practice

Ensure all "not equal to" comparisons are consistent, not mixing != and <>.

SELECT * FROM X WHERE 1 != 2 AND 3 != 4;

convention.coalesce

Use 'COALESCE' instead of 'IFNULL' or 'NVL'.

Code: CV02

Groups: all, convention

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

IFNULL or NVL are used to fill NULL values.

SELECT ifnull(foo, 0) AS bar,
FROM baz;

SELECT nvl(foo, 0) AS bar,
FROM baz;

Best practice

Use COALESCE instead. COALESCE is universally supported, whereas Redshift doesn’t support IFNULL and BigQuery doesn’t support NVL. Additionally, COALESCE is more flexible and accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.

SELECT coalesce(foo, 0) AS bar,
FROM baz;

convention.select_trailing_comma

Trailing commas within select clause

Code: CV03

Groups: all, core, convention

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, the last selected column has a trailing comma.

SELECT
    a,
    b,
FROM foo

Best practice

Remove the trailing comma.

SELECT
    a,
    b
FROM foo

convention.count_rows

Use consistent syntax to express "count number of rows".

Code: CV04

Groups: all, core, convention

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, count(1) is used to count the number of rows in a table.

select
    count(1)
from table_a

Best practice

Use count(*) unless specified otherwise by config prefer_count_1, or prefer_count_0 as preferred.

select
    count(*)
from table_a

convention.is_null

Relational operators should not be used to check for NULL values.

Code: CV05

Groups: all, core, convention

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, the = operator is used to check for NULL values.

SELECT
    a
FROM foo
WHERE a = NULL

Best practice

Use IS or IS NOT to check for NULL values.

SELECT
    a
FROM foo
WHERE a IS NULL

convention.terminator

Statements must end with a semi-colon.

Code: CV06

Groups: all, convention

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

A statement is not immediately terminated with a semi-colon. The • represents space.

SELECT
    a
FROM foo

;

SELECT
    b
FROM bar••;

Best practice

Immediately terminate the statement with a semi-colon.

SELECT
    a
FROM foo;

convention.statement_brackets

Top-level statements should not be wrapped in brackets.

Code: CV07

Groups: all, convention

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

A top-level statement is wrapped in brackets.

 (SELECT
     foo
 FROM bar)

 -- This also applies to statements containing a sub-query.

 (SELECT
     foo
 FROM (SELECT * FROM bar))

Best practice

Don’t wrap top-level statements in brackets.

 SELECT
     foo
 FROM bar

 -- Likewise for statements containing a sub-query.

 SELECT
     foo
 FROM (SELECT * FROM bar)

convention.left_join

Use LEFT JOIN instead of RIGHT JOIN.

Code: CV08

Groups: all, convention

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

RIGHT JOIN is used.

SELECT
    foo.col1,
    bar.col2
FROM foo
RIGHT JOIN bar
    ON foo.bar_id = bar.id;

Best practice

Refactor and use LEFT JOIN instead.

SELECT
    foo.col1,
    bar.col2
FROM bar
LEFT JOIN foo
   ON foo.bar_id = bar.id;

convention.blocked_words

Block a list of configurable words from being used.

Code: CV09

Groups: all, convention

Fixable: No

This generic rule can be useful to prevent certain keywords, functions, or objects from being used. Only whole words can be blocked, not phrases, nor parts of words.

This block list is case insensitive.

Example use cases

We prefer BOOL over BOOLEAN and there is no existing rule to enforce this. Until such a rule is written, we can add BOOLEAN to the deny list to cause a linting error to flag this.
We have deprecated a schema/table/function and want to prevent it being used in future. We can add that to the denylist and then add a -- noqa: CV09 for the few exceptions that still need to be in the code base for now.

Anti-pattern

If the blocked_words config is set to deprecated_table,bool then the following will flag:

SELECT * FROM deprecated_table WHERE 1 = 1;
CREATE TABLE myschema.t1 (a BOOL);

Best practice

Do not used any blocked words.

SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE 1 = 1;
CREATE TABLE myschema.t1 (a BOOL);

convention.quoted_literals

Consistent usage of preferred quotes for quoted literals.

Code: CV10

Groups: all, convention

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

select
    "abc",
    'abc',
    "\"",
    "abc" = 'abc'
from foo

Best practice

Ensure all quoted literals use preferred quotes, unless escaping can be reduced by using alternate quotes.

select
    "abc",
    "abc",
    '"',
    "abc" = "abc"
from foo
```P        


### convention.casting_style

Enforce consistent type casting style.

**Code:** CV11

**Groups:** `all`, `convention`

**Fixable:** Yes

**Anti-pattern**

Using a mixture of `CONVERT`, `::`, and `CAST` when `preferred_type_casting_style` config is set to `consistent` (default).

```sql
SELECT
    CONVERT(int, 1) AS bar,
    100::int::text,
    CAST(10 AS text) AS coo
FROM foo;

Best Practice

Use a consistent type casting style.

SELECT
    CAST(1 AS int) AS bar,
    CAST(CAST(100 AS int) AS text),
    CAST(10 AS text) AS coo
FROM foo;

layout.spacing

Inappropriate Spacing.

Code: LT01

Groups: all, core, layout

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, spacing is all over the place and is represented by •.

SELECT
    a,        b(c) as d••
FROM foo••••
JOIN bar USING(a)

Best practice

Unless an indent or preceding a comment, whitespace should be a single space.
There should also be no trailing whitespace at the ends of lines.
There should be a space after USING so that it’s not confused for a function.

SELECT
    a, b(c) as d
FROM foo
JOIN bar USING (a)

layout.indent

Incorrect Indentation.

Code: LT02

Groups: all, core, layout

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

The • character represents a space and the → character represents a tab. In this example, the third line contains five spaces instead of four and the second line contains two spaces and one tab.

SELECT
••→a,
•••••b
FROM foo

Best practice

Change the indentation to use a multiple of four spaces. This example also assumes that the indent_unit config value is set to space. If it had instead been set to tab, then the indents would be tabs instead.

SELECT
••••a,
••••b
FROM foo

layout.operators

Operators should follow a standard for being before/after newlines.

Code: LT03

Groups: all, layout

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, if line_position = leading (or unspecified, as is the default), then the operator + should not be at the end of the second line.

SELECT
    a +
    b
FROM foo

Best practice

If line_position = leading (or unspecified, as this is the default), place the operator after the newline.

SELECT
    a
    + b
FROM foo

If line_position = trailing, place the operator before the newline.

SELECT
    a +
    b
FROM foo

layout.commas

Leading/Trailing comma enforcement.

Code: LT04

Groups: all, layout

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

There is a mixture of leading and trailing commas.

SELECT
    a
    , b,
    c
FROM foo

Best practice

By default, sqruff prefers trailing commas. However it is configurable for leading commas. The chosen style must be used consistently throughout your SQL.

SELECT
    a,
    b,
    c
FROM foo

-- Alternatively, set the configuration file to 'leading'
-- and then the following would be acceptable:

SELECT
    a
    , b
    , c
FROM foo

layout.long_lines

Line is too long.

Code: LT05

Groups: all, core, layout

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, the line is too long.

SELECT
    my_function(col1 + col2, arg2, arg3) over (partition by col3, col4 order by col5 rows between unbounded preceding and current row) as my_relatively_long_alias,
    my_other_function(col6, col7 + col8, arg4) as my_other_relatively_long_alias,
    my_expression_function(col6, col7 + col8, arg4) = col9 + col10 as another_relatively_long_alias
FROM my_table

Best practice

Wraps the line to be within the maximum line length.

SELECT
    my_function(col1 + col2, arg2, arg3)
        over (
            partition by col3, col4
            order by col5 rows between unbounded preceding and current row
        )
        as my_relatively_long_alias,
    my_other_function(col6, col7 + col8, arg4)
        as my_other_relatively_long_alias,
    my_expression_function(col6, col7 + col8, arg4)
    = col9 + col10 as another_relatively_long_alias
FROM my_table

### layout.functions

Function name not immediately followed by parenthesis.

**Code:** LT06

**Groups:** `all`, `core`, `layout`

**Fixable:** Yes

**Anti-pattern**

In this example, there is a space between the function and the parenthesis.

```sql
SELECT
    sum (a)
FROM foo

Best practice

Remove the space between the function and the parenthesis.

SELECT
    sum(a)
FROM foo

layout.cte_bracket

'WITH' clause closing bracket should be on a new line.

Code: LT07

Groups: all, core, layout

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, the closing bracket is on the same line as CTE.

 WITH zoo AS (
     SELECT a FROM foo)

 SELECT * FROM zoo

Best practice

Move the closing bracket on a new line.

WITH zoo AS (
    SELECT a FROM foo
)

SELECT * FROM zoo

layout.cte_newline

Blank line expected but not found after CTE closing bracket.

Code: LT08

Groups: all, core, layout

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

There is no blank line after the CTE closing bracket. In queries with many CTEs, this hinders readability.

WITH plop AS (
    SELECT * FROM foo
)
SELECT a FROM plop

Best practice

Add a blank line.

WITH plop AS (
    SELECT * FROM foo
)

SELECT a FROM plop

layout.select_targets

Select targets should be on a new line unless there is only one select target.

Code: LT09

Groups: all, layout

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

Multiple select targets on the same line.

select a, b
from foo;

-- Single select target on its own line.

SELECT
    a
FROM foo;

Best practice

Multiple select targets each on their own line.

select
    a,
    b
from foo;

-- Single select target on the same line as the ``SELECT``
-- keyword.

SELECT a
FROM foo;

-- When select targets span multiple lines, however they
-- can still be on a new line.

SELECT
    SUM(
        1 + SUM(
            2 + 3
        )
    ) AS col
FROM test_table;

layout.select_modifiers

'SELECT' modifiers (e.g. 'DISTINCT') must be on the same line as 'SELECT'.

Code: LT10

Groups: all, core, layout

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, the DISTINCT modifier is on the next line after the SELECT keyword.

select
    distinct a,
    b
from x

Best practice

Move the DISTINCT modifier to the same line as the SELECT keyword.

select distinct
    a,
    b
from x

layout.set_operators

Set operators should be surrounded by newlines.

Code: LT11

Groups: all, core, layout

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, UNION ALL is not on a line itself.

SELECT 'a' AS col UNION ALL
SELECT 'b' AS col

Best practice

Place UNION ALL on its own line.

SELECT 'a' AS col
UNION ALL
SELECT 'b' AS col

layout.end_of_file

Files must end with a single trailing newline.

Code: LT12

Groups: all, core, layout

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

The content in file does not end with a single trailing newline. The $ represents end of file.

 SELECT
     a
 FROM foo$

 -- Ending on an indented line means there is no newline
 -- at the end of the file, the • represents space.

 SELECT
 ••••a
 FROM
 ••••foo
 ••••$

 -- Ending on a semi-colon means the last line is not a
 -- newline.

 SELECT
     a
 FROM foo
 ;$

 -- Ending with multiple newlines.

 SELECT
     a
 FROM foo

 $

Best practice

Add trailing newline to the end. The $ character represents end of file.

 SELECT
     a
 FROM foo
 $

 -- Ensuring the last line is not indented so is just a
 -- newline.

 SELECT
 ••••a
 FROM
 ••••foo
 $

 -- Even when ending on a semi-colon, ensure there is a
 -- newline after.

 SELECT
     a
 FROM foo
 ;
 $

layout.start_of_file

Files must not begin with newlines or whitespace.

Code: LT13

Groups: all, layout

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

The file begins with newlines or whitespace. The ^ represents the beginning of the file.

 ^

 SELECT
     a
 FROM foo

 -- Beginning on an indented line is also forbidden,
 -- (the • represents space).

 ••••SELECT
 ••••a
 FROM
 ••••foo

Best practice

Start file on either code or comment. (The ^ represents the beginning of the file.)

 ^SELECT
     a
 FROM foo

 -- Including an initial block comment.

 ^/*
 This is a description of my SQL code.
 */
 SELECT
     a
 FROM
     foo

 -- Including an initial inline comment.

 ^--This is a description of my SQL code.
 SELECT
     a
 FROM
     foo

references.from

References cannot reference objects not present in 'FROM' clause.

Code: RF01

Groups: all, core, references

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, the reference vee has not been declared.

SELECT
    vee.a
FROM foo

Best practice

Remove the reference.

SELECT
    a
FROM foo

Dialects where this rule is skipped: redshift, bigquery, sparksql

references.qualification

References should be qualified if select has more than one referenced table/view.

Code: RF02

Groups: all, references

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, the reference vee has not been declared, and the variables a and b are potentially ambiguous.

SELECT a, b
FROM foo
LEFT JOIN vee ON vee.a = foo.a

Best practice

Add the references.

SELECT foo.a, vee.b
FROM foo
LEFT JOIN vee ON vee.a = foo.a

references.consistent

References should be consistent in statements with a single table.

Code: RF03

Groups: all, references

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, only the field b is referenced.

SELECT
    a,
    foo.b
FROM foo

Best practice

Add or remove references to all fields.

SELECT
    a,
    b
FROM foo

-- Also good

SELECT
    foo.a,
    foo.b
FROM foo

Dialects where this rule is skipped: bigquery, redshift

references.keywords

Keywords should not be used as identifiers.

Code: RF04

Groups: all, references

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, SUM (a built-in function) is used as an alias.

SELECT
    sum.a
FROM foo AS sum

Best practice

Avoid using keywords as the name of an alias.

SELECT
    vee.a
FROM foo AS vee

references.special_chars

Do not use special characters in identifiers.

Code: RF05

Groups: all, references

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

Using special characters within identifiers when creating or aliasing objects.

CREATE TABLE DBO.ColumnNames
(
    [Internal Space] INT,
    [Greater>Than] INT,
    [Less<Than] INT,
    Number# INT
)

Best practice

Identifiers should include only alphanumerics and underscores.

CREATE TABLE DBO.ColumnNames
(
    [Internal_Space] INT,
    [GreaterThan] INT,
    [LessThan] INT,
    NumberVal INT
)

references.quoting

Unnecessary quoted identifier.

Code: RF06

Groups: all, references

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, a valid unquoted identifier, that is also not a reserved keyword, is needlessly quoted.

SELECT 123 as "foo"

Best practice

Use unquoted identifiers where possible.

SELECT 123 as foo

When prefer_quoted_identifiers = True, the quotes are always necessary, no matter if the identifier is valid, a reserved keyword, or contains special characters.

Note Note due to different quotes being used by different dialects supported by SQLFluff, and those quotes meaning different things in different contexts, this mode is not sqlfluff fix compatible.

Anti-pattern

In this example, a valid unquoted identifier, that is also not a reserved keyword, is required to be quoted.

SELECT 123 as foo

Best practice

Use quoted identifiers.

SELECT 123 as "foo" -- For ANSI, ...
-- or
SELECT 123 as `foo` -- For BigQuery, MySql, ...

structure.else_null

Do not specify 'else null' in a case when statement (redundant).

Code: ST01

Groups: all, structure

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, the reference vee has not been declared.

SELECT
    vee.a
FROM foo

Best practice

Remove the reference.

SELECT
    a
FROM foo

structure.simple_case

Unnecessary 'CASE' statement.

Code: ST02

Groups: all, structure

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

CASE statement returns booleans.

select
    case
        when fab > 0 then true
        else false
    end as is_fab
from fancy_table

-- This rule can also simplify CASE statements
-- that aim to fill NULL values.

select
    case
        when fab is null then 0
        else fab
    end as fab_clean
from fancy_table

-- This also covers where the case statement
-- replaces NULL values with NULL values.

select
    case
        when fab is null then null
        else fab
    end as fab_clean
from fancy_table

Best practice

Reduce to WHEN condition within COALESCE function.

select
    coalesce(fab > 0, false) as is_fab
from fancy_table

-- To fill NULL values.

select
    coalesce(fab, 0) as fab_clean
from fancy_table

-- NULL filling NULL.

select fab as fab_clean
from fancy_table

structure.unused_cte

Query defines a CTE (common-table expression) but does not use it.

Code: ST03

Groups: all, core, structure

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

Defining a CTE that is not used by the query is harmless, but it means the code is unnecessary and could be removed.

WITH cte1 AS (
  SELECT a
  FROM t
),
cte2 AS (
  SELECT b
  FROM u
)

SELECT *
FROM cte1

Best practice

Remove unused CTEs.

WITH cte1 AS (
  SELECT a
  FROM t
)

SELECT *
FROM cte1

structure.nested_case

Nested CASE statement in ELSE clause could be flattened.

Code: ST04

Groups: all, structure

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

In this example, the outer CASE's ELSE is an unnecessary, nested CASE.

SELECT
  CASE
    WHEN species = 'Cat' THEN 'Meow'
    ELSE
    CASE
       WHEN species = 'Dog' THEN 'Woof'
    END
  END as sound
FROM mytable

Best practice

Move the body of the inner CASE to the end of the outer one.

SELECT
  CASE
    WHEN species = 'Cat' THEN 'Meow'
    WHEN species = 'Dog' THEN 'Woof'
  END AS sound
FROM mytable

structure.subquery

Join/From clauses should not contain subqueries. Use CTEs instead.

Code: ST05

Groups: all, structure

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

Join is a sub query in a FROM clause. This can make the query harder to read and maintain.

select
    a.x, a.y, b.z
from a
join (
    select x, z from b
) using(x)

Best practice

Use a Common Table Expression (CTE) to define the subquery and then join it to the main query.

with c as (
    select x, z from b
)
select
    a.x, a.y, c.z
from a
join c using(x)

structure.column_order

Select wildcards then simple targets before calculations and aggregates.

Code: ST06

Groups: all, structure

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

select
    a,
    *,
    row_number() over (partition by id order by date) as y,
    b
from x

Best practice

Order select targets in ascending complexity

select
    *,
    a,
    b,
    row_number() over (partition by id order by date) as y
from x

structure.using

Prefer specifying join keys instead of using USING.

Code: ST07

Groups: all, structure

Fixable: Yes

Anti-pattern

SELECT
    table_a.field_1,
    table_b.field_2
FROM
    table_a
INNER JOIN table_b USING (id)

Best practice

Specify the keys directly

SELECT
    table_a.field_1,
    table_b.field_2
FROM
    table_a
INNER JOIN table_b
    ON table_a.id = table_b.id

Dialects where this rule is skipped: clickhouse

structure.distinct

Looking for DISTINCT before a bracket

Code: ST08

Groups: all, core, structure

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, parentheses are not needed and confuse DISTINCT with a function. The parentheses can also be misleading about which columns are affected by the DISTINCT (all the columns!).

SELECT DISTINCT(a), b FROM foo

Best practice

Remove parentheses to be clear that the DISTINCT applies to both columns.

SELECT DISTINCT a, b FROM foo

structure.join_condition_order

Joins should list the table referenced earlier/later first.

Code: ST09

Groups: all, structure

Fixable: No

Anti-pattern

In this example, the tables that were referenced later are listed first and the preferred_first_table_in_join_clause configuration is set to earlier.

select
    foo.a,
    foo.b,
    bar.c
from foo
left join bar
    -- This subcondition does not list
    -- the table referenced earlier first:
    on bar.a = foo.a
    -- Neither does this subcondition:
    and bar.b = foo.b

Best practice

List the tables that were referenced earlier first.

select
    foo.a,
    foo.b,
    bar.c
from foo
left join bar
    on foo.a = bar.a
    and foo.b = bar.b

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Rules

Rule Index

Rule Details

aliasing.table

aliasing.column

aliasing.expression

aliasing.unique.table

aliasing.unused

aliasing.length

aliasing.forbid

layout.cte_newline

aliasing.self_alias.column

ambiguous.distinct

ambiguous.union

ambiguous.order_by

ambiguous.column_count

ambiguous.join

ambiguous.column_references

ambiguous.set_columns

capitalisation.keywords

capitalisation.identifiers

capitalisation.functions

capitalisation.literals

capitalisation.types

convention.not_equal

convention.coalesce

convention.select_trailing_comma

convention.count_rows

convention.is_null

convention.terminator

convention.statement_brackets

convention.left_join

convention.blocked_words

convention.quoted_literals

layout.spacing

layout.indent

layout.operators

layout.commas

layout.long_lines

layout.cte_bracket

layout.cte_newline

layout.select_targets

layout.select_modifiers

layout.set_operators

layout.end_of_file

layout.start_of_file

references.from

references.qualification

references.consistent

references.keywords

references.special_chars

references.quoting

structure.else_null

structure.simple_case

structure.unused_cte

structure.nested_case

Anti-pattern

Best practice

structure.subquery

Anti-pattern

Best practice

structure.column_order

structure.using

structure.distinct

structure.join_condition_order