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<title>Mashapedia: Technologies of Attack Surface by Cory Doctorow</title>
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<div id="header">
<h1>Mashapedia: Technologies of <em>Attack Surface</em> by Cory Doctorow</h1>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#_chapter_1">Chapter 1</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-2">Chapter 2</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-3">Chapter 3</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-4">Chapter 4</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-5">Chapter 5</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-6">Chapter 6</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-7">Chapter 7</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-8">Chapter 8</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-9">Chapter 9</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-10">Chapter 10</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-11">Chapter 11</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-12">Chapter 12</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-13">Chapter 13</a></li>
<li><a href="#chapter-14">Chapter 14</a></li>
<li><a href="#epilogue">Epilogue</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_introduction">Introduction</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>I am a big fan of Cory Doctorow (<a href="https://twitter.com/doctorow">@doctorow</a>).
Not only his books <em>Little Brother</em>, <em>Homeland</em>, and now <em>Attack Surface</em>
discuss important topics like online privacy and the role of technology in today’s world,
but also they educate the readers by telling them stories about modern tech solutions and tools.
Doctorow usually doesn’t give you a lot of explanations, assuming that you can
find all the necessary information if you want to.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When I started reading <em>Attack Surface</em> I was amazed by the amount of tech terms Doctorow
was using here and there. I thought about some terms: “Okay, I know what ‘Tor’ means,
but does everybody else who is reading this book now?”. Other terms I had to google myself: “What is IMSI-catcher?”</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>I thought it might be a good idea to collect all tech terms that <em>might</em> be new to the readers
and give a quick explanation for each of them.
Also a link or two to more detailed pages would be helpful.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This is my collection of <em>Attack Surface</em> terms.
Most of the time I give links to Wikipedia, sometimes to other resources.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you want to add, correct, or expand some terms or add more interesting links,
feel free to open issues in my Github repo (<a href="https://github.com/pavelanni/attack-surface-tech" class="bare">https://github.com/pavelanni/attack-surface-tech</a>) or fork it and and open a PR.
I’ll be happy to include your additions to this list.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Cory Doctorow’s page: <a href="https://craphound.com/" class="bare">https://craphound.com/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em>Attack Surface</em> page: <a href="https://craphound.com/category/attacksurface/" class="bare">https://craphound.com/category/attacksurface/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em>Little Brother</em> and <em>Homeland</em> (two previous books of this trilogy): <a href="https://craphound.com/category/littlebrother/" class="bare">https://craphound.com/category/littlebrother/</a> and <a href="https://craphound.com/category/homeland/" class="bare">https://craphound.com/category/homeland/</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here I collected the terms chapter-by-chapter.
There is also an <a href="mashapedia-alphabetical.html">alphabetical reference</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_chapter_1">Chapter 1</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Tor</dt>
<dd>
<p>A network that enables anonymous communications.
By using the Tor Browser you can visit web sites without letting them know your location or your actual IP address. More about Tor (including questions "is it legal?"):</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.torproject.org/" class="bare">https://www.torproject.org/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_%28anonymity_network%29">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Facebook Tor Hidden Service</dt>
<dd>
<p>A site that allows access to Facebook through the Tor protocol.
According to Alec Muffett "Facebook’s onion address provides a way to access Facebook through Tor
without losing the cryptographic protections provided by the Tor cloud. …​
it provides end-to-end communication, from your browser directly into a Facebook datacentre."
The address is <code>facebookcorewwwi.onion</code> where <code>.onion</code> is the common top-level domain name
for sites in Tor network. You can enter this domain name in the Tor Browser’s address field.
It won’t work in your normal (Chrome, Firefox, etc.) browser. More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookcorewwwi.onion" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookcorewwwi.onion</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://blog.torproject.org/facebook-hidden-services-and-https-certs" class="bare">https://blog.torproject.org/facebook-hidden-services-and-https-certs</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.cheatsheet.com/technology/what-is-facebooks-tor-hidden-service-why-does-it-matter.html/" class="bare">https://www.cheatsheet.com/technology/what-is-facebooks-tor-hidden-service-why-does-it-matter.html/</a> (this one has a simple description of what Tor is and how it works)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Sectec</dt>
<dd>
<p>A fictional networking device produced by Xoth.
<em>Not</em> a CCTV camera produced by Shenshen Sectec Co. (<a href="http://www.sectec.com.cn/" class="bare">http://www.sectec.com.cn/</a>)</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">0-day or zero-day</dt>
<dd>
<p>A vulnerability that has not been fixed by the vendor or was fixed just recently
which allows hackers to exploit it. More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-day_%28computing%29">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-day_(computing)</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.fireeye.com/current-threats/what-is-a-zero-day-exploit.html" class="bare">https://www.fireeye.com/current-threats/what-is-a-zero-day-exploit.html</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/zero-day-vulnerability" class="bare">https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/zero-day-vulnerability</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Exploit</dt>
<dd>
<p>A piece of software or a methodology (series of steps) that allows hackers to use
a known vulnerability to get access to a target computer. More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit_%28computer_security%29">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Exploit database: <a href="https://www.exploit-db.com/" class="bare">https://www.exploit-db.com/</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Tunnel out</dt>
<dd>
<p>To use an SSH tunnel to get secure access to a remote box. Usually you use SSH tunneling
to bypass firewalls that prohibit certain Internet services. More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunneling_protocol#Secure_Shell_tunneling" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunneling_protocol#Secure_Shell_tunneling</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.ssh.com/ssh/tunneling/example" class="bare">https://www.ssh.com/ssh/tunneling/example</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Bootloader</dt>
<dd>
<p>A piece of software which normally starts at the early stages of computer start-up process,
after executing the BIOS, but <em>before</em> the operating system starts.
Its purpose is to <em>load</em> the operating system (hence the name).
Bootloader integrity check is important to avoid a "boot attack":
type of attack that replaces the original bootloader and installs a bootloader
that can intercept passwords, including those used for hard drive encryption.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4302-6572-6_6" class="bare">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4302-6572-6_6</a> (very good explanation; you can read a chapter, or download the whole book there — thanks, Springer!)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting#Modern_boot_loaders" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting#Modern_boot_loaders</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://engineering.fb.com/2016/01/29/security/hardware-and-firmware-attacks-defending-detecting-and-responding/" class="bare">https://engineering.fb.com/2016/01/29/security/hardware-and-firmware-attacks-defending-detecting-and-responding/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Evil maid attack: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_maid_attack" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_maid_attack</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eng2.12032" class="bare">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eng2.12032</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Semtex</dt>
<dd>
<p>General-purpose plastic explosive.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semtex" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semtex</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Hardware keylogger</dt>
<dd>
<p>A device used to log all keystrokes on a computer which is used to capture passwords.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_keylogger" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_keylogger</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke_logging" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke_logging</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Catching password from key sounds</dt>
<dd>
<p>Different keys on the keyboard produce slightly different sounds so the recorded acoustic pattern
of you typing in your password can be used to guess it. That’s why Masha does “medium-loud AAAAAH”
when typing her password.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/23322/keyboard-sniffing-through-audio-recorded-typing-patterns" class="bare">https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/23322/keyboard-sniffing-through-audio-recorded-typing-patterns</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.davidsalomon.name/CompSec/auxiliary/KybdEmanation.pdf" class="bare">https://www.davidsalomon.name/CompSec/auxiliary/KybdEmanation.pdf</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke_logging" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke_logging</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Faraday cage</dt>
<dd>
<p>An enclosure that blocks electromagnetic fields.
Could be a room, a cabinet, a bag.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_cage" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_cage</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Tails</dt>
<dd>
<p>A security-focused Linux distribution that aims at preserving privacy and anonymity.
It usually loads from a live DVD or USB and provides Linux environment that is based on Tor network.
Your browsing information is not stored anywhere unless you specifically instruct it to do so.
<em>Tails</em> provides an emergency shutdown: when you pull the USB out of the slot, the system
erases all computer memory and shuts itself down immediately.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tails_%28operating_system%29">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://tails.boum.org/" class="bare">https://tails.boum.org/</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">MIT Media Lab</dt>
<dd>
<p>A research lab at MIT famous for its inventions and projects in areas of human-computer interaction,
artistic visualization, musical devices, sociable robots, etc.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.media.mit.edu/" class="bare">https://www.media.mit.edu/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">USB Port Physical Lock</dt>
<dd>
<p>There are several variants of such a device that physically blocks access to the USB port.
Some of them have keys, some should be physically destroyed to get access to the port.
Examples:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.padjack.com/padjack-versions/usb-port-lock/" class="bare">https://www.padjack.com/padjack-versions/usb-port-lock/</a> (should be destroyed and resealed later)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://connectivitycenter.com/product/smart-keeper-usb-port-lock-professional/" class="bare">https://connectivitycenter.com/product/smart-keeper-usb-port-lock-professional/</a> (used with a key)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://lindy.com/en/technology/port-blockers/" class="bare">https://lindy.com/en/technology/port-blockers/</a> (with a key)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">EL wire</dt>
<dd>
<p>Electroluminescent wire is a thin copper wire coated in a phosphor that produces light through electroluminescence when an alternating current is applied to it. More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescent_wire" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescent_wire</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Lidar</dt>
<dd>
<p>"Light radar" — a device that used laser light to scan the area and measure distances to
objects, walls, etc. It is also used as an acronym of "light detection and ranging"
and "laser imaging, detection, and ranging".
In the book Masha uses a drone to get "lidar outlines of all the human in the space".
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.neonscience.org/resources/learning-hub/tutorials/lidar-basics" class="bare">https://www.neonscience.org/resources/learning-hub/tutorials/lidar-basics</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Raspi Altair 8800</dt>
<dd>
<p>Altair 8800 is one of the first personal computers which was introduced in 1974.
For many people it has sentimental value — that’s why some people design and sell
Altair emulators that use modern technologies such as Arduino and Raspberry Pi.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_8800" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_8800</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.adwaterandstir.com/product/altair-8800-emulator-kit/" class="bare">https://www.adwaterandstir.com/product/altair-8800-emulator-kit/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/dankar/altair8800" class="bare">https://github.com/dankar/altair8800</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.astrorat.com/altair8800/altair8800clonemeetrp.html" class="bare">http://www.astrorat.com/altair8800/altair8800clonemeetrp.html</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Blinkenlights</dt>
<dd>
<p>Usually refers to the diagnostic lights on computer’s front panels (in the old days).
The term derives from the famous text dated as far back as 1955.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>ACHTUNG!
ALLES TURISTEN UND NONTEKNISCHEN LOOKENSPEEPERS!
DAS KOMPUTERMASCHINE IST NICHT FÜR DER GEFINGERPOKEN UND MITTENGRABEN! ODERWISE IST EASY TO SCHNAPPEN DER SPRINGENWERK, BLOWENFUSEN UND POPPENCORKEN MIT SPITZENSPARKEN.
IST NICHT FÜR GEWERKEN BEI DUMMKOPFEN. DER RUBBERNECKEN SIGHTSEEREN KEEPEN DAS COTTONPICKEN HÄNDER IN DAS POCKETS MUSS.
ZO RELAXEN UND WATSCHEN DER BLINKENLICHTEN.</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>More:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinkenlights" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinkenlights</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Paranoid Android</dt>
<dd>
<p>In the book it seems to be the Android-based OS for smartphones focused on security.
The main feature of it is that you update it very often to make sure all known
vulnerabilities are patched or at least there are no known exploits for them.
Masha explains that you should always check the OS signatures to make sure
you are actually installing the correct bits and not something created by
the government hackers containing backdoors and loggers.
Apparently there is such a project in real life, but it’s not specifically
focused on security — it just uses the cool name.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoid_Android_%28software%29">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoid_Android_(software)</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">IMSI-catcher</dt>
<dd>
<p>A device that can <em>pretend</em> to be a cell phone base station and make all phones in the nearest proximity
to connect to it (because its signal stronger than the real cell towers that are farther away).
That way it will be able to collect all information about the connected phones such as IMSI
(international mobile subscriber identity), etc. Also it will be able to intercept phones' traffic,
voice and data using "man-in-the-middle" attack.
Devices can be purchased online, as well as anti-IMSI-catchers.
You can build one yourself, if you want (see the link below).
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSI-catcher" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSI-catcher</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.paladion.net/blogs/how-to-build-an-imsi-catcher-to-intercept-gsm-traffic" class="bare">https://www.paladion.net/blogs/how-to-build-an-imsi-catcher-to-intercept-gsm-traffic</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/gy7qm9/how-i-made-imsi-catcher-cheap-amazon-github" class="bare">https://www.vice.com/en/article/gy7qm9/how-i-made-imsi-catcher-cheap-amazon-github</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Dazzle mask</dt>
<dd>
<p>A mask that allows you to trick facial-recognition software into thinking you are not human.
They may use reflective tapes, infrared lights, lenses, etc.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/clothes-accessories-that-outsmart-facial-recognition-tech-2019-10" class="bare">https://www.businessinsider.com/clothes-accessories-that-outsmart-facial-recognition-tech-2019-10</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.reflectacles.com/#home" class="bare">https://www.reflectacles.com/#home</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Pastebin</dt>
<dd>
<p>A storage site where people can post pieces of code and other text information.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastebin" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastebin</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Regular expressions</dt>
<dd>
<p>A (smart) way to search specific patterns or strings in text files.
You can describe patterns like "one to three numbers followed by a dash followed by several capital letters, no more than 8."
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://regexr.com/" class="bare">https://regexr.com/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://regexone.com/" class="bare">https://regexone.com/</a> (interactive tutorial)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Anonymouth</dt>
<dd>
<p>Document anonymization tool written in Java. More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/psal/anonymouth" class="bare">https://github.com/psal/anonymouth</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Anonymouth" class="bare">https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Anonymouth</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Stylometry</dt>
<dd>
<p>A method to study linguistic style to find out who the author of the document is.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylometry" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylometry</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/introduction-to-stylometry-with-python" class="bare">https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/introduction-to-stylometry-with-python</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">PGP</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pretty Good Privacy, a cryptographic method used for encryption and digital signing documents, emails, etc.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~adrian/630-f04/PGP-intro.html" class="bare">https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~adrian/630-f04/PGP-intro.html</a> (how it works)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.openpgp.org/" class="bare">https://www.openpgp.org/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://gnupg.org/" class="bare">https://gnupg.org/</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Malware</dt>
<dd>
<p>Malicious software: software intentionally designed to cause damage to computer systems.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">NFC, Near-Field Communication</dt>
<dd>
<p>A set of communication protocols for communication between two electronic devices
over a distance of 4 cm. Used in various types of key cards, passes. etc.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://nfc-forum.org/" class="bare">https://nfc-forum.org/</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Information Cascade</dt>
<dd>
<p>A pattern of information flow when you can see how information or decision coming from
one person triggers the series of decisions or information passes from several other persons.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_cascade" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_cascade</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11041" class="bare">https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11041</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/networks-book-ch16.pdf" class="bare">https://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/networks-book-ch16.pdf</a> (part of a book "Networks, Crowds, and Markets" <a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/" class="bare">https://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/</a>)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Information Cascade Experiments <a href="https://wmpeople.wm.edu/asset/index/lrande/cascadehandbook" class="bare">https://wmpeople.wm.edu/asset/index/lrande/cascadehandbook</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Anti-Stingray</dt>
<dd>
<p>Tools to protect oneself from IMSI-catchers.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://privacysos.org/blog/how-to-defeat-fbi-or-police-stingray-surveillance/" class="bare">https://privacysos.org/blog/how-to-defeat-fbi-or-police-stingray-surveillance/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.firstpoint-mg.com/blog/top-7-imsi-catcher-detection-solutions-2020/" class="bare">https://www.firstpoint-mg.com/blog/top-7-imsi-catcher-detection-solutions-2020/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingray_phone_tracker" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingray_phone_tracker</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://theintercept.com/2020/07/31/protests-surveillance-stingrays-dirtboxes-phone-tracking/" class="bare">https://theintercept.com/2020/07/31/protests-surveillance-stingrays-dirtboxes-phone-tracking/</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Asterisk</dt>
<dd>
<p>An open source phone framework that can be used to build a Voice-over-IP or IP PBX system.
Masha runs such a server on the cloud and uses it to route her calls.
One of the examples: <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/marketplace/pp/Technology-Innovation-Lab-of-Texas-Asterisk-1770-A/B079Y7449R" class="bare">https://aws.amazon.com/marketplace/pp/Technology-Innovation-Lab-of-Texas-Asterisk-1770-A/B079Y7449R</a>
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.asterisk.org/" class="bare">https://www.asterisk.org/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterisk_%28PBX%29">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterisk_(PBX)</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.voip-info.org/asterisk/" class="bare">https://www.voip-info.org/asterisk/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://techexpert.tips/asterisk/asterisk-installation-cloud-aws-ec2/" class="bare">https://techexpert.tips/asterisk/asterisk-installation-cloud-aws-ec2/</a> (tutorial)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Signal</dt>
<dd>
<p>A communication application which is considered to be the most secure for end-to-end
encryption. Trusted and used by Edward Snowden, Jack Dorsey, Bruce Schneier.
It uses the open-source Signal protocol.
Works on iOS, Android, Linux, macOS, Windows
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://signal.org/en/" class="bare">https://signal.org/en/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/signalapp" class="bare">https://github.com/signalapp</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Protocol" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Protocol</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Binary Transparency</dt>
<dd>
<p>A method that allows users to verify that the piece of software they use is exactly the same
used by other users, i.e. it was not substituted by a compromised version.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Binary_Transparency" class="bare">https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Binary_Transparency</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Contour - a practical system for binary transparency: <a href="https://smeiklej.com/files/cbt18.pdf" class="bare">https://smeiklej.com/files/cbt18.pdf</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://diyhpl.us/wiki/transcripts/building-on-bitcoin/2018/binary-transparency/" class="bare">http://diyhpl.us/wiki/transcripts/building-on-bitcoin/2018/binary-transparency/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/BrandonTang/binary-transparency" class="bare">https://github.com/BrandonTang/binary-transparency</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Hashing</dt>
<dd>
<p>Masha explains it pretty well in the book.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://medium.com/tech-tales/what-is-hashing-6edba0ebfa67" class="bare">https://medium.com/tech-tales/what-is-hashing-6edba0ebfa67</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Public-private key cryptography</dt>
<dd>
<p>Again, Masha does a great job explaining the basics.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://ssd.eff.org/en/module/deep-dive-end-end-encryption-how-do-public-key-encryption-systems-work" class="bare">https://ssd.eff.org/en/module/deep-dive-end-end-encryption-how-do-public-key-encryption-systems-work</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computers-and-internet/xcae6f4a7ff015e7d:online-data-security/xcae6f4a7ff015e7d:data-encryption-techniques/a/public-key-encryption" class="bare">https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computers-and-internet/xcae6f4a7ff015e7d:online-data-security/xcae6f4a7ff015e7d:data-encryption-techniques/a/public-key-encryption</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">BadUSB</dt>
<dd>
<p>It is a way to use the microcontroller embedded in a USB device to inject malware in your computer.
The most dangerous thing about it is that all the work is done by that microcontroller,
invisible to the target computer’s CPU.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://opensource.srlabs.de/projects/badusb" class="bare">https://opensource.srlabs.de/projects/badusb</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://hackaday.com/2014/10/05/badusb-means-were-all-screwed/" class="bare">https://hackaday.com/2014/10/05/badusb-means-were-all-screwed/</a> (there are links to the paper and video
explaining how it works)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://srlabs.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/SRLabs-BadUSB-Pacsec-v2.pdf" class="bare">https://srlabs.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/SRLabs-BadUSB-Pacsec-v2.pdf</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Baseband phone security</dt>
<dd>
<p>It was confirmed that the software that controls the baseband radio on smartphones can
be compromised and can allow attackers to control other smartphone devices such as camera and microphone.
More (some papers are a bit dated, but it’s quite possible some vulnerabilities described in them
still exist):</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/08/android-baseband-flaws/" class="bare">https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/08/android-baseband-flaws/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.ccdcoe.org/uploads/2018/10/Art-16-Attacking-the-Baseband-Modem-of-Breach-the-Users-Privacy-and-Network-Security.pdf" class="bare">https://www.ccdcoe.org/uploads/2018/10/Art-16-Attacking-the-Baseband-Modem-of-Breach-the-Users-Privacy-and-Network-Security.pdf</a> (2015)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/43766/davis_andrew_t_201205_ro.pdf" class="bare">https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/43766/davis_andrew_t_201205_ro.pdf</a> (2012)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Man-in-the-middle attack</dt>
<dd>
<p>This is the category of attacks where the attacker injects <em>something</em> in the transmission
channel (voice, data, etc.) that can listen to the traffic and potentially alter the traffic.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.rapid7.com/fundamentals/man-in-the-middle-attacks/" class="bare">https://www.rapid7.com/fundamentals/man-in-the-middle-attacks/</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Openstreetmap</dt>
<dd>
<p>Wrongly called "Openstreetmaps" in the book. An open source alternative to Google Maps.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/" class="bare">https://www.openstreetmap.org/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://wiki.osmfoundation.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="bare">https://wiki.osmfoundation.org/wiki/Main_Page</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Citizen Lab</dt>
<dd>
<p>A laboratory based at University of Toronto which works on protecting human rights and privacy
in cyberspace.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/" class="bare">https://citizenlab.ca/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Lab" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Lab</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://twitter.com/citizenlab" class="bare">https://twitter.com/citizenlab</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="chapter-2">Chapter 2</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Fibonaccis</dt>
<dd>
<p>Fibonacci numbers, the sequence where each next number is a sum of the two previous.
They have a lot of interesting features, they are found in nature, etc.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/fibonacci-sequence.html" class="bare">https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/fibonacci-sequence.html</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahXIMUkSXX0" class="bare">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahXIMUkSXX0</a> (a beautiful explanation from Vi Hart)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">LiveJournal</dt>
<dd>
<p>A social network platform created in 1999 that used to be popular before Facebook and Twitter.
In 2007 it was sold to Russian media company SUP Media. Written in Perl.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveJournal" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveJournal</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.livejournal.com/" class="bare">https://www.livejournal.com/</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Blogger</dt>
<dd>
<p>A blogging platform owned by Google. Created in 1999 by Pyra Labs. Written in Python.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_%28service%29">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_(service)</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.blogger.com/" class="bare">https://www.blogger.com/</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">MySpace</dt>
<dd>
<p>A social network that used to be the largest social networking site in the world (between 2005 and 2009).
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://myspace.com/" class="bare">https://myspace.com/</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">XML (Extensible Markup Language)</dt>
<dd>
<p>A markup language used by many applications to store and exchange information and documents.
More:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML</a></p>