Docker for Windows remains in 2018 a bit of a hot mess. It works - kind of. Your mileage is likely to vary but do keep your expectations in check. Perhaps a healthy approach would be to use Windows to validate the proof of concept. If you then really want to take this idea to town, then move the show to Linux.
Before first attempting to set up NHDPlusInABox, some settings need tweaking.
The loading_dock and workspace bind mounts are intended to be accessible directly by the host. Windows users will need to expressly allow shared drives via Docker Settings allowing the disk hosting the mounts (probably your C: drive) to be shared.
A minimum of 2048 meg of swap space is required.
The default 2048 meg of memory works to load the dataset. However more memory is advised both to speed up the load and to allow for analysis activities.
The default disk image max size value applies to both container and docker volumes. I recommend 432 gig for a comfortable buffer.
Note the more resources Docker is allowed to consume the more effect it will have on your host system.