is_valid_email_address.py

"""
Implements an is valid email address algorithm

@ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address
"""

import string

email_tests: tuple[tuple[str, bool], ...] = (
    ("simple@example.com", True),
    ("very.common@example.com", True),
    ("disposable.style.email.with+symbol@example.com", True),
    ("other-email-with-hyphen@and.subdomains.example.com", True),
    ("fully-qualified-domain@example.com", True),
    ("user.name+tag+sorting@example.com", True),
    ("x@example.com", True),
    ("example-indeed@strange-example.com", True),
    ("test/test@test.com", True),
    (
        "123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123@example.com",
        True,
    ),
    ("admin@mailserver1", True),
    ("example@s.example", True),
    ("Abc.example.com", False),
    ("A@b@c@example.com", False),
    ("abc@example..com", False),
    ("a(c)d,e:f;g<h>i[j\\k]l@example.com", False),
    (
        "12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345@example.com",
        False,
    ),
    ("i.like.underscores@but_its_not_allowed_in_this_part", False),
    ("", False),
)

# The maximum octets (one character as a standard unicode character is one byte)
# that the local part and the domain part can have
MAX_LOCAL_PART_OCTETS = 64
MAX_DOMAIN_OCTETS = 255


def is_valid_email_address(email: str) -> bool:
    """
    Returns True if the passed email address is valid.

    The local part of the email precedes the singular @ symbol and
    is associated with a display-name. For example, "john.smith"
    The domain is stricter than the local part and follows the @ symbol.

    Global email checks:
     1. There can only be one @ symbol in the email address. Technically if the
        @ symbol is quoted in the local-part, then it is valid, however this
        implementation ignores "" for now.
        (See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address#:~:text=If%20quoted,)
     2. The local-part and the domain are limited to a certain number of octets. With
        unicode storing a single character in one byte, each octet is equivalent to
        a character. Hence, we can just check the length of the string.
    Checks for the local-part:
     3. The local-part may contain: upper and lowercase latin letters, digits 0 to 9,
        and printable characters (!#$%&'*+-/=?^_`{|}~)
     4. The local-part may also contain a "." in any place that is not the first or
        last character, and may not have more than one "." consecutively.

    Checks for the domain:
     5. The domain may contain: upper and lowercase latin letters and digits 0 to 9
     6. Hyphen "-", provided that it is not the first or last character
     7. The domain may also contain a "." in any place that is not the first or
        last character, and may not have more than one "." consecutively.

    >>> for email, valid in email_tests:
    ...     assert is_valid_email_address(email) == valid
    """

    # (1.) Make sure that there is only one @ symbol in the email address
    if email.count("@") != 1:
        return False

    local_part, domain = email.split("@")
    # (2.) Check octet length of the local part and domain
    if len(local_part) > MAX_LOCAL_PART_OCTETS or len(domain) > MAX_DOMAIN_OCTETS:
        return False

    # (3.) Validate the characters in the local-part
    if any(
        char not in string.ascii_letters + string.digits + ".(!#$%&'*+-/=?^_`{|}~)"
        for char in local_part
    ):
        return False

    # (4.) Validate the placement of "." characters in the local-part
    if local_part.startswith(".") or local_part.endswith(".") or ".." in local_part:
        return False

    # (5.) Validate the characters in the domain
    if any(char not in string.ascii_letters + string.digits + ".-" for char in domain):
        return False

    # (6.) Validate the placement of "-" characters
    if domain.startswith("-") or domain.endswith("."):
        return False

    # (7.) Validate the placement of "." characters
    return not (domain.startswith(".") or domain.endswith(".") or ".." in domain)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import doctest

    doctest.testmod()

    for email, valid in email_tests:
        is_valid = is_valid_email_address(email)
        assert is_valid == valid, f"{email} is {is_valid}"
        print(f"Email address {email} is {'not ' if not is_valid else ''}valid")