func.go

// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2022 The Ebitengine Authors

//go:build darwin || freebsd || linux || windows

package purego

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"reflect"
	"runtime"
	"sync"
	"unsafe"

	"github.com/ebitengine/purego/internal/strings"
)

var thePool = sync.Pool{New: func() any {
	return new(syscall15Args)
}}

// RegisterLibFunc is a wrapper around RegisterFunc that uses the C function returned from Dlsym(handle, name).
// It panics if it can't find the name symbol.
func RegisterLibFunc(fptr any, handle uintptr, name string) {
	sym, err := loadSymbol(handle, name)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	RegisterFunc(fptr, sym)
}

// RegisterFunc takes a pointer to a Go function representing the calling convention of the C function.
// fptr will be set to a function that when called will call the C function given by cfn with the
// parameters passed in the correct registers and stack.
//
// A panic is produced if the type is not a function pointer or if the function returns more than 1 value.
//
// These conversions describe how a Go type in the fptr will be used to call
// the C function. It is important to note that there is no way to verify that fptr
// matches the C function. This also holds true for struct types where the padding
// needs to be ensured to match that of C; RegisterFunc does not verify this.
//
// # Type Conversions (Go <=> C)
//
//	string <=> char*
//	bool <=> _Bool
//	uintptr <=> uintptr_t
//	uint <=> uint32_t or uint64_t
//	uint8 <=> uint8_t
//	uint16 <=> uint16_t
//	uint32 <=> uint32_t
//	uint64 <=> uint64_t
//	int <=> int32_t or int64_t
//	int8 <=> int8_t
//	int16 <=> int16_t
//	int32 <=> int32_t
//	int64 <=> int64_t
//	float32 <=> float
//	float64 <=> double
//	struct <=> struct (WIP - darwin only)
//	func <=> C function
//	unsafe.Pointer, *T <=> void*
//	[]T => void*
//
// There is a special case when the last argument of fptr is a variadic interface (or []interface}
// it will be expanded into a call to the C function as if it had the arguments in that slice.
// This means that using arg ...any is like a cast to the function with the arguments inside arg.
// This is not the same as C variadic.
//
// # Memory
//
// In general it is not possible for purego to guarantee the lifetimes of objects returned or received from
// calling functions using RegisterFunc. For arguments to a C function it is important that the C function doesn't
// hold onto a reference to Go memory. This is the same as the [Cgo rules].
//
// However, there are some special cases. When passing a string as an argument if the string does not end in a null
// terminated byte (\x00) then the string will be copied into memory maintained by purego. The memory is only valid for
// that specific call. Therefore, if the C code keeps a reference to that string it may become invalid at some
// undefined time. However, if the string does already contain a null-terminated byte then no copy is done.
// It is then the responsibility of the caller to ensure the string stays alive as long as it's needed in C memory.
// This can be done using runtime.KeepAlive or allocating the string in C memory using malloc. When a C function
// returns a null-terminated pointer to char a Go string can be used. Purego will allocate a new string in Go memory
// and copy the data over. This string will be garbage collected whenever Go decides it's no longer referenced.
// This C created string will not be freed by purego. If the pointer to char is not null-terminated or must continue
// to point to C memory (because it's a buffer for example) then use a pointer to byte and then convert that to a slice
// using unsafe.Slice. Doing this means that it becomes the responsibility of the caller to care about the lifetime
// of the pointer
//
// # Structs
//
// Purego can handle the most common structs that have fields of builtin types like int8, uint16, float32, etc. However,
// it does not support aligning fields properly. It is therefore the responsibility of the caller to ensure
// that all padding is added to the Go struct to match the C one. See `BoolStructFn` in struct_test.go for an example.
//
// # Example
//
// All functions below call this C function:
//
//	char *foo(char *str);
//
//	// Let purego convert types
//	var foo func(s string) string
//	goString := foo("copied")
//	// Go will garbage collect this string
//
//	// Manually, handle allocations
//	var foo2 func(b string) *byte
//	mustFree := foo2("not copied\x00")
//	defer free(mustFree)
//
// [Cgo rules]: https://pkg.go.dev/cmd/cgo#hdr-Go_references_to_C
func RegisterFunc(fptr any, cfn uintptr) {
	fn := reflect.ValueOf(fptr).Elem()
	ty := fn.Type()
	if ty.Kind() != reflect.Func {
		panic("purego: fptr must be a function pointer")
	}
	if ty.NumOut() > 1 {
		panic("purego: function can only return zero or one values")
	}
	if cfn == 0 {
		panic("purego: cfn is nil")
	}
	if ty.NumOut() == 1 && (ty.Out(0).Kind() == reflect.Float32 || ty.Out(0).Kind() == reflect.Float64) &&
		runtime.GOARCH != "arm64" && runtime.GOARCH != "amd64" {
		panic("purego: float returns are not supported")
	}
	{
		// this code checks how many registers and stack this function will use
		// to avoid crashing with too many arguments
		var ints int
		var floats int
		var stack int
		for i := 0; i < ty.NumIn(); i++ {
			arg := ty.In(i)
			switch arg.Kind() {
			case reflect.Func:
				// This only does preliminary testing to ensure the CDecl argument
				// is the first argument. Full testing is done when the callback is actually
				// created in NewCallback.
				for j := 0; j < arg.NumIn(); j++ {
					in := arg.In(j)
					if !in.AssignableTo(reflect.TypeOf(CDecl{})) {
						continue
					}
					if j != 0 {
						panic("purego: CDecl must be the first argument")
					}
				}
			case reflect.String, reflect.Uintptr, reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64,
				reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64, reflect.Ptr, reflect.UnsafePointer,
				reflect.Slice, reflect.Bool:
				if ints < numOfIntegerRegisters() {
					ints++
				} else {
					stack++
				}
			case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
				const is32bit = unsafe.Sizeof(uintptr(0)) == 4
				if is32bit {
					panic("purego: floats only supported on 64bit platforms")
				}
				if floats < numOfFloats {
					floats++
				} else {
					stack++
				}
			case reflect.Struct:
				if runtime.GOOS != "darwin" || (runtime.GOARCH != "amd64" && runtime.GOARCH != "arm64") {
					panic("purego: struct arguments are only supported on darwin amd64 & arm64")
				}
				if arg.Size() == 0 {
					continue
				}
				addInt := func(u uintptr) {
					ints++
				}
				addFloat := func(u uintptr) {
					floats++
				}
				addStack := func(u uintptr) {
					stack++
				}
				_ = addStruct(reflect.New(arg).Elem(), &ints, &floats, &stack, addInt, addFloat, addStack, nil)
			default:
				panic("purego: unsupported kind " + arg.Kind().String())
			}
		}
		if ty.NumOut() == 1 && ty.Out(0).Kind() == reflect.Struct {
			if runtime.GOOS != "darwin" {
				panic("purego: struct return values only supported on darwin arm64 & amd64")
			}
			outType := ty.Out(0)
			checkStructFieldsSupported(outType)
			if runtime.GOARCH == "amd64" && outType.Size() > maxRegAllocStructSize {
				// on amd64 if struct is bigger than 16 bytes allocate the return struct
				// and pass it in as a hidden first argument.
				ints++
			}
		}
		sizeOfStack := maxArgs - numOfIntegerRegisters()
		if stack > sizeOfStack {
			panic("purego: too many arguments")
		}
	}
	v := reflect.MakeFunc(ty, func(args []reflect.Value) (results []reflect.Value) {
		var sysargs [maxArgs]uintptr
		stack := sysargs[numOfIntegerRegisters():]
		var floats [numOfFloats]uintptr
		var numInts int
		var numFloats int
		var numStack int
		var addStack, addInt, addFloat func(x uintptr)
		if runtime.GOARCH == "arm64" || runtime.GOOS != "windows" {
			// Windows arm64 uses the same calling convention as macOS and Linux
			addStack = func(x uintptr) {
				stack[numStack] = x
				numStack++
			}
			addInt = func(x uintptr) {
				if numInts >= numOfIntegerRegisters() {
					addStack(x)
				} else {
					sysargs[numInts] = x
					numInts++
				}
			}
			addFloat = func(x uintptr) {
				if numFloats < len(floats) {
					floats[numFloats] = x
					numFloats++
				} else {
					addStack(x)
				}
			}
		} else {
			// On Windows amd64 the arguments are passed in the numbered registered.
			// So the first int is in the first integer register and the first float
			// is in the second floating register if there is already a first int.
			// This is in contrast to how macOS and Linux pass arguments which
			// tries to use as many registers as possible in the calling convention.
			addStack = func(x uintptr) {
				sysargs[numStack] = x
				numStack++
			}
			addInt = addStack
			addFloat = addStack
		}

		var keepAlive []any
		defer func() {
			runtime.KeepAlive(keepAlive)
			runtime.KeepAlive(args)
		}()

		var arm64_r8 uintptr
		if ty.NumOut() == 1 && ty.Out(0).Kind() == reflect.Struct {
			outType := ty.Out(0)
			if runtime.GOARCH == "amd64" && outType.Size() > maxRegAllocStructSize {
				val := reflect.New(outType)
				keepAlive = append(keepAlive, val)
				addInt(val.Pointer())
			} else if runtime.GOARCH == "arm64" && outType.Size() > maxRegAllocStructSize {
				isAllFloats, numFields := isAllSameFloat(outType)
				if !isAllFloats || numFields > 4 {
					val := reflect.New(outType)
					keepAlive = append(keepAlive, val)
					arm64_r8 = val.Pointer()
				}
			}
		}
		for i, v := range args {
			if variadic, ok := args[i].Interface().([]any); ok {
				if i != len(args)-1 {
					panic("purego: can only expand last parameter")
				}
				for _, x := range variadic {
					keepAlive = addValue(reflect.ValueOf(x), keepAlive, addInt, addFloat, addStack, &numInts, &numFloats, &numStack)
				}
				continue
			}
			keepAlive = addValue(v, keepAlive, addInt, addFloat, addStack, &numInts, &numFloats, &numStack)
		}

		syscall := thePool.Get().(*syscall15Args)
		defer thePool.Put(syscall)

		if runtime.GOARCH == "arm64" || runtime.GOOS != "windows" {
			// Use the normal arm64 calling convention even on Windows
			*syscall = syscall15Args{
				cfn,
				sysargs[0], sysargs[1], sysargs[2], sysargs[3], sysargs[4], sysargs[5],
				sysargs[6], sysargs[7], sysargs[8], sysargs[9], sysargs[10], sysargs[11],
				sysargs[12], sysargs[13], sysargs[14],
				floats[0], floats[1], floats[2], floats[3], floats[4], floats[5], floats[6], floats[7],
				arm64_r8,
			}
			runtime_cgocall(syscall15XABI0, unsafe.Pointer(syscall))
		} else {
			*syscall = syscall15Args{}
			// This is a fallback for Windows amd64, 386, and arm. Note this may not support floats
			syscall.a1, syscall.a2, _ = syscall_syscall15X(cfn, sysargs[0], sysargs[1], sysargs[2], sysargs[3], sysargs[4],
				sysargs[5], sysargs[6], sysargs[7], sysargs[8], sysargs[9], sysargs[10], sysargs[11],
				sysargs[12], sysargs[13], sysargs[14])
			syscall.f1 = syscall.a2 // on amd64 a2 stores the float return. On 32bit platforms floats aren't support
		}
		if ty.NumOut() == 0 {
			return nil
		}
		outType := ty.Out(0)
		v := reflect.New(outType).Elem()
		switch outType.Kind() {
		case reflect.Uintptr, reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
			v.SetUint(uint64(syscall.a1))
		case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
			v.SetInt(int64(syscall.a1))
		case reflect.Bool:
			v.SetBool(byte(syscall.a1) != 0)
		case reflect.UnsafePointer:
			// We take the address and then dereference it to trick go vet from creating a possible miss-use of unsafe.Pointer
			v.SetPointer(*(*unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&syscall.a1)))
		case reflect.Ptr:
			v = reflect.NewAt(outType, unsafe.Pointer(&syscall.a1)).Elem()
		case reflect.Func:
			// wrap this C function in a nicely typed Go function
			v = reflect.New(outType)
			RegisterFunc(v.Interface(), syscall.a1)
		case reflect.String:
			v.SetString(strings.GoString(syscall.a1))
		case reflect.Float32:
			// NOTE: syscall.r2 is only the floating return value on 64bit platforms.
			// On 32bit platforms syscall.r2 is the upper part of a 64bit return.
			v.SetFloat(float64(math.Float32frombits(uint32(syscall.f1))))
		case reflect.Float64:
			// NOTE: syscall.r2 is only the floating return value on 64bit platforms.
			// On 32bit platforms syscall.r2 is the upper part of a 64bit return.
			v.SetFloat(math.Float64frombits(uint64(syscall.f1)))
		case reflect.Struct:
			v = getStruct(outType, *syscall)
		default:
			panic("purego: unsupported return kind: " + outType.Kind().String())
		}
		if len(args) > 0 {
			// reuse args slice instead of allocating one when possible
			args[0] = v
			return args[:1]
		} else {
			return []reflect.Value{v}
		}
	})
	fn.Set(v)
}

func addValue(v reflect.Value, keepAlive []any, addInt func(x uintptr), addFloat func(x uintptr), addStack func(x uintptr), numInts *int, numFloats *int, numStack *int) []any {
	switch v.Kind() {
	case reflect.String:
		ptr := strings.CString(v.String())
		keepAlive = append(keepAlive, ptr)
		addInt(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(ptr)))
	case reflect.Uintptr, reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
		addInt(uintptr(v.Uint()))
	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
		addInt(uintptr(v.Int()))
	case reflect.Ptr, reflect.UnsafePointer, reflect.Slice:
		// There is no need to keepAlive this pointer separately because it is kept alive in the args variable
		addInt(v.Pointer())
	case reflect.Func:
		addInt(NewCallback(v.Interface()))
	case reflect.Bool:
		if v.Bool() {
			addInt(1)
		} else {
			addInt(0)
		}
	case reflect.Float32:
		addFloat(uintptr(math.Float32bits(float32(v.Float()))))
	case reflect.Float64:
		addFloat(uintptr(math.Float64bits(v.Float())))
	case reflect.Struct:
		keepAlive = addStruct(v, numInts, numFloats, numStack, addInt, addFloat, addStack, keepAlive)
	default:
		panic("purego: unsupported kind: " + v.Kind().String())
	}
	return keepAlive
}

// maxRegAllocStructSize is the biggest a struct can be while still fitting in registers.
// if it is bigger than this than enough space must be allocated on the heap and then passed into
// the function as the first parameter on amd64 or in R8 on arm64.
//
// If you change this make sure to update it in objc_runtime_darwin.go
const maxRegAllocStructSize = 16

func isAllSameFloat(ty reflect.Type) (allFloats bool, numFields int) {
	allFloats = true
	root := ty.Field(0).Type
	for root.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
		root = root.Field(0).Type
	}
	first := root.Kind()
	if first != reflect.Float32 && first != reflect.Float64 {
		allFloats = false
	}
	for i := 0; i < ty.NumField(); i++ {
		f := ty.Field(i).Type
		if f.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
			var structNumFields int
			allFloats, structNumFields = isAllSameFloat(f)
			numFields += structNumFields
			continue
		}
		numFields++
		if f.Kind() != first {
			allFloats = false
		}
	}
	return allFloats, numFields
}

func checkStructFieldsSupported(ty reflect.Type) {
	for i := 0; i < ty.NumField(); i++ {
		f := ty.Field(i).Type
		if f.Kind() == reflect.Array {
			f = f.Elem()
		} else if f.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
			checkStructFieldsSupported(f)
			continue
		}
		switch f.Kind() {
		case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64,
			reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64,
			reflect.Uintptr, reflect.Ptr, reflect.UnsafePointer, reflect.Float64, reflect.Float32:
		default:
			panic(fmt.Sprintf("purego: struct field type %s is not supported", f))
		}
	}
}

func roundUpTo8(val uintptr) uintptr {
	return (val + 7) &^ 7
}

func numOfIntegerRegisters() int {
	switch runtime.GOARCH {
	case "arm64":
		return 8
	case "amd64":
		return 6
	default:
		// since this platform isn't supported and can therefore only access
		// integer registers it is fine to return the maxArgs
		return maxArgs
	}
}