diff --git a/packages/cordis/src/index.ts b/packages/cordis/src/index.ts
index c00bc0e..8027710 100644
--- a/packages/cordis/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/cordis/src/index.ts
@@ -42,15 +42,4 @@ export abstract class Service<C extends Context = Context> extends core.Service<
   }
 }
 
-export abstract class FunctionalService<C extends Context = Context> extends core.FunctionalService<C> {
-  static Context = Context
-
-  public logger: logger.Logger
-
-  constructor(ctx: C | undefined, name: string, options?: boolean | core.Service.Options) {
-    super(ctx, name, options)
-    this.logger = this.ctx.logger(name)
-  }
-}
-
 export default function () {}
diff --git a/packages/core/src/context.ts b/packages/core/src/context.ts
index a62d26d..1953159 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/context.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/context.ts
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ export interface Context {
 }
 
 export class Context {
+  static readonly invoke = Symbol.for('cordis.invoke')
   static readonly config = Symbol.for('cordis.config')
   static readonly events = Symbol.for('cordis.events')
   static readonly static = Symbol.for('cordis.static')
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ export class Context {
         return Reflect.get(target, name, receiver)
       },
       apply: receiver ? undefined : (target, thisArg, args) => {
-        return target.call(this, ...args)
+        return makeCall(target, this, ...args)
       },
     })
   }
@@ -323,4 +324,14 @@ export class Context {
   }
 }
 
+export function makeCall(self: any, thisArg: any, ...args: any[]) {
+  if (!self[Context.invoke]) return Reflect.apply(self, thisArg, args)
+  return self[Context.invoke].call(new Proxy(self, {
+    get: (target, name, receiver) => {
+      if (name === Context.current) return thisArg
+      return Reflect.get(target, name, receiver)
+    },
+  }), ...args)
+}
+
 Context.prototype[Context.internal] = Object.create(null)
diff --git a/packages/core/src/service.ts b/packages/core/src/service.ts
index e8268a9..ee59abd 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/service.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/service.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,54 @@
 import { Awaitable, defineProperty } from 'cosmokit'
-import { Context } from './context.ts'
+import { Context, makeCall } from './context.ts'
 
-const kSetup = Symbol('cordis.service.setup')
+const kSetup = Symbol.for('cordis.service.setup')
 
 export namespace Service {
   export interface Options {
+    name?: string
     immediate?: boolean
     standalone?: boolean
   }
 }
 
+function makeFunctional(proto: {}) {
+  if (proto === Object.prototype) return Function.prototype
+  const result = Object.create(makeFunctional(Object.getPrototypeOf(proto)))
+  for (const key of Object.getOwnPropertyNames(proto)) {
+    Object.defineProperty(result, key, Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(proto, key)!)
+  }
+  for (const key of Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(proto)) {
+    Object.defineProperty(result, key, Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(proto, key)!)
+  }
+  return result
+}
+
 export abstract class Service<C extends Context = Context> {
   static Context = Context
 
-  public [kSetup](ctx: C | undefined, name: string, options?: boolean | Service.Options) {
+  protected start(): Awaitable<void> {}
+  protected stop(): Awaitable<void> {}
+  protected fork?(ctx: C, config: any): void
+
+  protected ctx!: C
+  protected [Context.current]!: C
+
+  constructor(ctx: C | undefined, public readonly name: string, options?: boolean | Service.Options) {
+    let self: any = this
+    if (self[Context.invoke]) {
+      // functional service
+      self = (...args: any[]) => makeCall(self, ctx, ...args)
+      defineProperty(self, 'name', name)
+      Object.setPrototypeOf(self, makeFunctional(Object.getPrototypeOf(this)))
+    }
+    return self[kSetup](ctx, name, options)
+  }
+
+  [Context.filter](ctx: Context) {
+    return ctx[Context.shadow][this.name] === this.ctx[Context.shadow][this.name]
+  }
+
+  [kSetup](ctx: C | undefined, name: string, options?: boolean | Service.Options) {
     this.ctx = ctx ?? new (this.constructor as any).Context()
     this.ctx.provide(name)
     defineProperty(this, Context.current, ctx)
@@ -35,46 +70,4 @@ export abstract class Service<C extends Context = Context> {
 
     return Context.associate(this, name)
   }
-
-  protected start(): Awaitable<void> {}
-  protected stop(): Awaitable<void> {}
-  protected fork?(ctx: C, config: any): void
-
-  protected ctx!: C
-  protected [Context.current]!: C
-
-  constructor(ctx: C | undefined, public readonly name: string, options?: boolean | Service.Options) {
-    return this[kSetup](ctx, name, options)
-  }
-
-  [Context.filter](ctx: Context) {
-    return ctx[Context.shadow][this.name] === this.ctx[Context.shadow][this.name]
-  }
-}
-
-export interface FunctionalService {
-  (...args: this['call'] extends (thisArg: any, ...rest: infer R) => any ? R : never): ReturnType<this['call']>
-}
-
-export abstract class FunctionalService<C extends Context = Context> extends Function {
-  static Context = Context
-
-  abstract call(ctx: C, ...args: any[]): any
-
-  protected start(): Awaitable<void> {}
-  protected stop(): Awaitable<void> {}
-  protected fork?(ctx: C, config: any): void
-
-  protected ctx!: C
-  protected [Context.current]!: C
-
-  constructor(ctx: C | undefined, name: string, options?: boolean | Service.Options) {
-    super()
-    const self = function (this: C, ...args: any[]) {
-      return self.call(ctx, ...args)
-    }
-    defineProperty(self, 'name', name)
-    Object.setPrototypeOf(self, Object.getPrototypeOf(this))
-    return Service.prototype[kSetup].call(self, ctx, name, options) as any
-  }
 }
diff --git a/packages/core/tests/service.spec.ts b/packages/core/tests/service.spec.ts
index d3a1574..a8ebff3 100644
--- a/packages/core/tests/service.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/core/tests/service.spec.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Context, FunctionalService, Service } from '../src'
+import { Context, Service } from '../src'
 import { defineProperty, noop } from 'cosmokit'
 import { expect } from 'chai'
 import { describe, mock, test } from 'node:test'
@@ -277,15 +277,20 @@ describe('Service', () => {
   test('functional service', async () => {
     interface Config {}
 
-    class Foo extends FunctionalService {
+    interface Foo {
+      (init?: Config): Config
+    }
+
+    class Foo extends Service {
       constructor(ctx: Context, public config?: Config, standalone?: boolean) {
         super(ctx, 'foo', { immediate: true, standalone })
       }
 
-      call(ctx: Context, init?: Config) {
-        expect(ctx).to.be.instanceof(Context)
+      [Context.invoke](init?: Config) {
+        const caller = this[Context.current]
+        expect(caller).to.be.instanceof(Context)
         let result = { ...this.config }
-        let intercept = ctx[Context.intercept]
+        let intercept = caller[Context.intercept]
         while (intercept) {
           Object.assign(result, intercept.foo)
           intercept = Object.getPrototypeOf(intercept)
@@ -294,6 +299,10 @@ describe('Service', () => {
         return result
       }
 
+      reflect() {
+        return this()
+      }
+
       extend(config?: Config) {
         return new Foo(this[Context.current], { ...this.config, ...config }, true)
       }
@@ -312,9 +321,9 @@ describe('Service', () => {
     const foo2 = root.foo.extend({ c: 3 })
     expect(foo2()).to.deep.equal({ a: 1, c: 3 })
     const foo3 = foo1.extend({ d: 4 })
-    expect(foo3()).to.deep.equal({ a: 1, b: 2, d: 4 })
+    expect(foo3.reflect()).to.deep.equal({ a: 1, b: 2, d: 4 })
 
     // context tracibility
-    expect(foo1()).to.deep.equal({ a: 1, b: 2 })
+    expect(foo1.reflect()).to.deep.equal({ a: 1, b: 2 })
   })
 })