diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 2a6b94e7..18c2b1fa 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -14891,7 +14891,7 @@
     },
     "packages/core": {
       "name": "@reatom/core",
-      "version": "3.9.1",
+      "version": "3.9.2",
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "packages/core-v1": {
@@ -14952,7 +14952,7 @@
     },
     "packages/effects": {
       "name": "@reatom/effects",
-      "version": "3.10.2",
+      "version": "3.11.0",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "@reatom/core": "^3.2.0",
@@ -15015,17 +15015,17 @@
     },
     "packages/framework": {
       "name": "@reatom/framework",
-      "version": "3.4.56",
+      "version": "3.4.57",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "@reatom/async": "^3.16.4",
-        "@reatom/core": "^3.9.1",
-        "@reatom/effects": "^3.10.2",
+        "@reatom/core": "^3.9.2",
+        "@reatom/effects": "^3.11.0",
         "@reatom/hooks": "^3.6.0",
         "@reatom/lens": "^3.11.6",
         "@reatom/logger": "^3.8.4",
         "@reatom/primitives": "^3.7.3",
-        "@reatom/utils": "^3.11.0"
+        "@reatom/utils": "^3.11.1"
       }
     },
     "packages/hooks": {
@@ -15156,7 +15156,7 @@
     },
     "packages/npm-react": {
       "name": "@reatom/npm-react",
-      "version": "3.10.3",
+      "version": "3.10.4",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "@reatom/core": "^3.5.0",
@@ -15283,7 +15283,7 @@
     },
     "packages/testing": {
       "name": "@reatom/testing",
-      "version": "3.4.7",
+      "version": "3.4.8",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "@reatom/core": "^3.5.0",
@@ -15326,7 +15326,7 @@
     },
     "packages/utils": {
       "name": "@reatom/utils",
-      "version": "3.11.0",
+      "version": "3.11.1",
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "packages/web": {
diff --git a/packages/framework/package.json b/packages/framework/package.json
index 999cd1a8..4e44b50e 100644
--- a/packages/framework/package.json
+++ b/packages/framework/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@reatom/framework",
-  "version": "3.4.56",
+  "version": "3.4.57",
   "private": false,
   "sideEffects": false,
   "description": "Reatom for framework",
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@reatom/async": "^3.16.4",
-    "@reatom/core": "^3.9.1",
-    "@reatom/effects": "^3.10.2",
+    "@reatom/core": "^3.9.2",
+    "@reatom/effects": "^3.11.0",
     "@reatom/hooks": "^3.6.0",
     "@reatom/lens": "^3.11.6",
     "@reatom/logger": "^3.8.4",
     "@reatom/primitives": "^3.7.3",
-    "@reatom/utils": "^3.11.0"
+    "@reatom/utils": "^3.11.1"
   },
   "author": "artalar",
   "license": "MIT",
diff --git a/packages/jsx/src/index.test.tsx b/packages/jsx/src/index.test.tsx
index 5c65dbf1..b1aa2933 100644
--- a/packages/jsx/src/index.test.tsx
+++ b/packages/jsx/src/index.test.tsx
@@ -77,16 +77,16 @@ it('children updates', setup((ctx, h, hf, mount, parent) => {
 
   mount(parent, element)
 
-  assert.is(element.childNodes.length, 3)
-  assert.is(element.childNodes[1]?.textContent, 'foo')
-  assert.is(element.childNodes[2], a)
+  assert.is(element.childNodes.length, 5)
+  assert.is(element.childNodes[2]?.textContent, 'foo')
+  assert.is(element.childNodes[4], a)
 
   val(ctx, 'bar')
-  assert.is(element.childNodes[1]?.textContent, 'bar')
+  assert.is(element.childNodes[2]?.textContent, 'bar')
 
-  assert.is(element.childNodes[2], a)
+  assert.is(element.childNodes[4], a)
   route(ctx, 'b')
-  assert.is(element.childNodes[2], b)
+  assert.is(element.childNodes[4], b)
 }))
 
 it('dynamic children', setup((ctx, h, hf, mount, parent) => {
@@ -96,14 +96,14 @@ it('dynamic children', setup((ctx, h, hf, mount, parent) => {
 
   mount(parent, element)
 
-  assert.is(element.childNodes.length, 1)
+  assert.is(element.childNodes.length, 2)
 
   children(ctx, <div>Hello, world!</div>)
-  assert.is(element.childNodes[0]?.textContent, 'Hello, world!')
+  assert.is(element.childNodes[1]?.textContent, 'Hello, world!')
 
   const inner = <span>inner</span>
   children(ctx, <div>{inner}</div>)
-  assert.is(element.childNodes[0]?.childNodes[0], inner)
+  assert.is(element.childNodes[1]?.childNodes[0], inner)
 
   const before = atom('before', 'before')
   const after = atom('after', 'after')
@@ -159,25 +159,24 @@ it('fragment as child', setup((ctx, h, hf, mount, parent) => {
 
 it('array children', setup((ctx, h, hf, mount, parent) => {
   const n = atom(1)
-  const list = atom((ctx) => Array.from({ length: ctx.spy(n) }, (_, i) => <li>{i + 1}</li>))
-
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    mount(
-      parent,
-      <ul>
-        {list /* expected TS error */ as any}
-        <br />
-      </ul>,
-    )
-  })
+  const list = atom((ctx) => (<>
+    {...Array.from({ length: ctx.spy(n) }, (_, i) => <li>{i + 1}</li>)}
+  </>))
 
-  const element = <ul>{list}</ul>
+  const element = (
+    <ul>
+      {list}
+      <br />
+    </ul>
+  )
 
-  assert.is(element.childNodes.length, 1)
+  mount(parent, element)
+
+  assert.is(element.childNodes.length, 3)
   assert.is(element.textContent, '1')
 
   n(ctx, 2)
-  assert.is(element.childNodes.length, 2)
+  assert.is(element.childNodes.length, 4)
   assert.is(element.textContent, '12')
 }))
 
@@ -288,7 +287,7 @@ it('render HTMLElement atom', setup((ctx, h, hf, mount, parent) => {
 
   const element = <div>{htmlAtom}</div>
 
-  assert.is(element.innerHTML, '<div>div</div>')
+  assert.is(element.innerHTML, '<!--html--><div>div</div>')
 }))
 
 it('render SVGElement atom', setup((ctx, h, hf, mount, parent) => {
@@ -296,7 +295,7 @@ it('render SVGElement atom', setup((ctx, h, hf, mount, parent) => {
 
   const element = <div>{svgAtom}</div>
 
-  assert.is(element.innerHTML, '<svg>svg</svg>')
+  assert.is(element.innerHTML, '<!--svg--><svg>svg</svg>')
 }))
 
 it('custom component', setup((ctx, h, hf, mount, parent) => {
@@ -529,3 +528,22 @@ it('style object update', setup((ctx, h, hf, mount, parent) => {
 
   assert.is(component.getAttribute('style'), 'left: 0px; bottom: 0px;')
 }))
+
+it('render updated atom elements', setup((ctx, h, hf, mount, parent) => {
+  const name = 'child'
+  const target = `<!--${name}-->`
+  const childAtom = atom<Node | string>(<>
+    <div>div</div>
+    <p>p</p>
+  </>, name)
+
+  const element = <div>{childAtom}</div>
+  assert.is(element.innerHTML, `<div>${target}div>div</div><p>p</p></div>`)
+
+  childAtom(ctx, <span>span</span>)
+  assert.is(element.innerHTML, `<div>${target}span>span</span></div>`)
+
+  childAtom(ctx, 'text')
+  assert.is(element.innerHTML, `<div>${target}text</div>`)
+}))
+
diff --git a/packages/jsx/src/index.ts b/packages/jsx/src/index.ts
index 97d42d1e..d44b7db1 100644
--- a/packages/jsx/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/jsx/src/index.ts
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ type DomApis = Pick<
 const isSkipped = (value: unknown): value is boolean | '' | null | undefined =>
   typeof value === 'boolean' || value === '' || value == null
 
-let unsubscribesMap = new WeakMap<Element, Array<Fn>>()
-let unlink = (parent: JSX.Element, un: Unsubscribe) => {
+let unsubscribesMap = new WeakMap<Node, Array<Fn>>()
+let unlink = (parent: Node, un: Unsubscribe) => {
   // check the connection in the next tick
   // to give the user (programmer) an ability
   // to put the created element in the dom
@@ -140,8 +140,39 @@ export const reatomJsx = (ctx: Ctx, DOM: DomApis = globalThis.window) => {
     }
   }
 
+  const walkAtom = (ctx: Ctx, parent: JSX.Element, anAtom: Atom<JSX.ElementPrimitiveChildren>) => {
+    const fragment = DOM.document.createDocumentFragment()
+    const target = DOM.document.createComment(anAtom.__reatom.name ?? '')
+    fragment.append(target)
+
+    let childNodes: ChildNode[] = []
+    const un = ctx.subscribe(anAtom, (v): void => {
+      childNodes.forEach((node) => node.remove())
+
+      if (v instanceof DOM.Node) {
+        childNodes = v instanceof DOM.DocumentFragment ? [...v.childNodes] : [v as ChildNode]
+        target.after(v)
+      } else if (isSkipped(v)) {
+        childNodes = []
+      } else {
+        const node = DOM.document.createTextNode(String(v))
+        childNodes = [node]
+        target.after(node)
+      }
+    })
+
+    if (!unsubscribesMap.get(target)) unsubscribesMap.set(target, [])
+    unlink(target, un)
+
+    parent.append(fragment)
+  }
+
   let h = (tag: any, props: Rec, ...children: any[]) => {
-    if (tag === hf) return children
+    if (tag === hf) {
+      const fragment = DOM.document.createDocumentFragment()
+      fragment.append(...children)
+      return fragment
+    }
 
     props ??= {}
 
@@ -209,6 +240,9 @@ export const reatomJsx = (ctx: Ctx, DOM: DomApis = globalThis.window) => {
       }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @todo Explore adding elements to a DocumentFragment before adding them to a Document.
+     */
     let walk = (child: JSX.DOMAttributes<JSX.Element>['children']) => {
       if (Array.isArray(child)) {
         for (let i = 0; i < child.length; i++) walk(child[i])
@@ -216,49 +250,9 @@ export const reatomJsx = (ctx: Ctx, DOM: DomApis = globalThis.window) => {
         if (isLinkedListAtom(child)) {
           walkLinkedList(ctx, element, child)
         } else if (isAtom(child)) {
-          let innerChild = DOM.document.createTextNode('') as ChildNode | DocumentFragment
-          let error: any
-          var un: undefined | Unsubscribe = ctx.subscribe(child, (v): void => {
-            try {
-              if (un && !innerChild.isConnected && innerChild instanceof DOM.DocumentFragment === false) {
-                un()
-              } else {
-                throwReatomError(
-                  Array.isArray(v) && children.length > 1,
-                  'array children with other children are not supported',
-                )
-
-                if (v instanceof DOM.Element) {
-                  let list = unsubscribesMap.get(v)
-                  if (!list) unsubscribesMap.set(v, (list = []))
-
-                  if (un) element.replaceChild(v, innerChild)
-                  innerChild = v
-                } else if (Array.isArray(v)) {
-                  if (un) element.replaceChildren(...v)
-                  else {
-                    const fragment = new DOM.DocumentFragment()
-                    v.forEach((el) => fragment.append(el))
-                    innerChild = fragment
-                  }
-                } else {
-                  // TODO more tests
-                  innerChild.textContent = isSkipped(v) ? '' : String(v)
-                }
-              }
-            } catch (e) {
-              error = e
-            }
-          })
-          if (error) throw error
-          unlink(element, un)
-          element.appendChild(innerChild)
+          walkAtom(ctx, element, child)
         } else if (!isSkipped(child)) {
-          element.appendChild(
-            isObject(child) && 'nodeType' in child
-              ? (child as JSX.Element)
-              : DOM.document.createTextNode(String(child)),
-          )
+          element.append(child as Node | string)
         }
       }
     }
@@ -270,7 +264,10 @@ export const reatomJsx = (ctx: Ctx, DOM: DomApis = globalThis.window) => {
     return element
   }
 
-  /** Fragment */
+  /**
+   * Fragment.
+   * @todo Describe a function as a component.
+   */
   let hf = () => {}
 
   let mount = (target: Element, child: Element) => {
@@ -283,7 +280,7 @@ export const reatomJsx = (ctx: Ctx, DOM: DomApis = globalThis.window) => {
            * @see https://stackoverflow.com/a/64551276
            * @note A custom NodeFilter function slows down performance by 1.5 times.
            */
-          const walker = DOM.document.createTreeWalker(removedNode, 1)
+          const walker = DOM.document.createTreeWalker(removedNode, 1 | 128)
 
           do {
             const node = walker.currentNode as Element
diff --git a/packages/jsx/src/jsx.d.ts b/packages/jsx/src/jsx.d.ts
index 52315a62..32de477e 100644
--- a/packages/jsx/src/jsx.d.ts
+++ b/packages/jsx/src/jsx.d.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ type ElementsAttributesAtomMaybe<T extends Record<keyof any, any>> = {
 export namespace JSX {
   type Element = HTMLElement | SVGElement
 
+  /** @todo Try replacing `Node | Element` with `ChildNode`. */
   type ElementPrimitiveChildren = Node | Element | (string & {}) | number | boolean | null | undefined
 
   type ElementChildren =