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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>The Evolution of Cooperation</title>
<meta name="description" content="Lecture on The Evolution of Cooperation">
<meta name="author" content="Luis Ibanez">
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</head>
<body>
<div class="reveal">
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<div class="slides">
<section>
<h1>The Evolution of Cooperation</h1>
<a href="#" class="image">
<img width="320" height="230" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/A_Flood_on_Java_1865-1876_Raden_Saleh.jpg/320px-A_Flood_on_Java_1865-1876_Raden_Saleh.jpg" alt="Flood on Java Painting">
</a>
<h3>When and How to Cooperate</h3>
<p>
<small>Created by <a href="https://opensource.com/users/luis-ibanez">Luis Ibanez</a> / <a href="http://twitter.com/luisibanez">@luisibanez</a></small>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en_US">
<img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/3.0/88x31.png" />
</a>
<br />
<span xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/InteractiveResource" property="dct:title" rel="dct:type">Git Introduction</span>
by
<span xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" property="cc:attributionName">Luis Ibanez</span>
is licensed under a
<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en_US">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License</a>.
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Book</h2>
<a href="#" class="image">
<img width="240" height="375" src="http://bookcoverarchive.com/images/books/the_evolution_of_cooperation.large.jpg" alt="Raspberry Pi Picture">
</a>
<p>
by Robert Axelrod, 1984
</p>
<aside class="notes">
Oh hey, these are some notes. They'll be hidden in your presentation, but you can see them if you open the speaker notes window (hit 's' on your keyboard).
</aside>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Question:</h2>
<blockquote>
“
Under what conditions<br>
will cooperation emerge<br>
in a world of egoists<br>
without central authority?
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Prisoner's Dilemma</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Communication</h2>
<blockquote>
“
The players can<br>
communicate with each other<br>
only through the sequence<br>
of their own behavior.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx1_6F-nCaw">Litte Less Conversation</a></h2>
<blockquote>
“
Words no backed by actions<br>
are so cheap<br>
as to be meaningless.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Forgiveness</h2>
<blockquote>
“
...even strategists<br>
do not give sufficient weight<br>
to the importance<br>
of forgiveness.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Self-Defeating</h2>
<blockquote>
“
Not being nice<br>
may look promising at first,<br>
but in the long run it can destroy<br>
the very environment it needs<br>
for its own success.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>TIT FOR TAT</h2>
<ul>
<li>Nice</li>
<li>Retaliatory</li>
<li>Forgiving</li>
<li>Clear</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Shadow</h2>
<blockquote>
“
No one can do better<br>
using any strategy<br>
providing that the future casts<br>
a large enough shadow<br>
onto the present.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>For How Long...</h2>
<blockquote>
“
If the other player is unlikely<br>
to be around much longer,<br>
the shadow of the future falls<br>
and reciprocity is<br>
no longer stable.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Invasion</h2>
<blockquote>
“
If the newcomers<br>
arrive in small clusters,<br>
they will have a chance<br>
to get cooperation started.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Emergence</h2>
<blockquote>
“
So mutual cooperation<br>
can emerge in a world of egoists<br>
without central control<br>
by starting with a cluster of individuals<br>
who rely on reciprocity.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>World War I</h2>
<blockquote>
“
We are very sorry about that;<br>
we hope no one was hurt.<br>
It is not our fault,<br>
it is that damned Prussian Artillery!
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Brainless</h2>
<blockquote>
“An organism<br>
does not need a brain<br>
to employ a strategy.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>We'll meet again</h2>
<blockquote>
“
When the probability<br>
of meeting each other again<br>
is sufficiently high,<br>
cooperation based on reciprocity<br>
can thrive.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Foresight</h2>
<blockquote>
“
While foresight is not necessary<br>
for the evolution of cooperation<br>
it can certainly be helpful.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Rules</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Rule #1</h2>
<br>
<h3>Don't be envious</h3>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Test</h2>
<br>
<p>Could someone else</p>
<p>have done better</p>
<p>with this other player?</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Never "Win"</h2>
<br>
<p>TIT FOR TAT</p>
<p>never scores better</p>
<p>than the other player</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Rule #2</h2>
<br>
<h3>Don't be the first to defect</h3>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Rule #3</h2>
<br>
<h3>Reciprocate both</h3>
<h3>cooperation and defection</h3>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Rule #4</h2>
<br>
<h3>Don't be too clever</h3>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Complexity</h2>
<blockquote>
“
Too much complexity<br>
can appear to be<br>
total chaos.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Complexity</h2>
<blockquote>
“
Being so complex<br>
as to be incomprehensible<br>
is very dangerous.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Unresponsive</h2>
<blockquote>
“
If you are unresponsive,<br>
then the other player<br>
has no incentive<br>
to cooperate with you.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Iterations</h2>
<blockquote>
“
An important way<br>
to promote cooperation<br>
is to arrange that the same individuals<br>
will meet each other again.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Shadow</h2>
<blockquote>
“
Mutual cooperation can be stable<br>
if the future is sufficiently important<br>
relative to the present.
”
</blockquote>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Enlarging the Shadow</h2>
<p>Making the interactions</p>
<ul>
<li>More Durable</li>
<li>More Frequent</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Reputation & Deterrence</h2>
<p>A player's reputation</p>
<p>is embodied in the belief of others</p>
<p>about the strategy</p>
<p>that this player will use.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Help Me</h2>
<p>You have to get the other player to help</p>
<p>even though the other player</p>
<p>is better off in the short run</p>
<p>by not helping.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Strenght of a Few</h2>
<p>Cooperation can emerge</p>
<p>from small clusters of cooperating individuals</p>
<p>as long as they have a small portion</p>
<p>of their interactions with each other.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>TIT FOR TAT</h2>
<ul>
<li>Nice</li>
<li>Retaliatory</li>
<li>Forgiving</li>
<li>Clear</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Niceness</h2>
<p>Never be the first to defect.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Niceness</h2>
<p>Prevents it from getting into</p>
<p>unnecessary trouble.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Retaliation</h2>
<p>Discourages the other side</p>
<p>from persisting</p>
<p>whenever defection is tried</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Retaliation</h2>
<p>Prevents Abuse<p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Forgiveness</h2>
<p>Helps restore mutual cooperation.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Clarity</h2>
<p>Makes its behavioral pattern</p>
<p>easy to recognize.<p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Clarity</h2>
<p>Makes easy to perceive</p>
<p>that the best way</p>
<p>to deal with it</p>
<p>is to cooperate.<p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Reciprocity</h2>
<p>Becomes self-reinforcing</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Reciprocity</h2>
<p>Once it gets going,</p>
<p>it gets stronger and stronger.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Rules</h2>
<ol>
<li>Don't be envious</li>
<li>Don't be the first to defect</li>
<li>Reciprocate cooperation and defection</li>
<li>Don't be too clever</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section>
<h1>THE END</h1>
<h3>BY Luis Ibanez</h3>
</section>
</div>
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