diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/openstack.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/openstack.py
index 031ac8c9360..094c889caef 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/openstack.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/openstack.py
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ def convert_net_json(network_json=None, known_macs=None):
                 cfg["type"] = "infiniband"
 
     for service in services:
-        cfg = service
+        cfg = copy.deepcopy(service)
         cfg.update({"type": "nameserver"})
         config.append(cfg)
 
diff --git a/tests/unittests/cmd/devel/test_net_convert.py b/tests/unittests/cmd/devel/test_net_convert.py
index fb72963f842..be2fcdd6543 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/cmd/devel/test_net_convert.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/cmd/devel/test_net_convert.py
@@ -90,6 +90,18 @@
 """
 
 
+@pytest.fixture
+def mock_setup_logging():
+    """Mock setup_basic_logging to avoid changing log level.
+
+    net_convert.handle_args() can call setup_basic_logging() with a
+    WARNING level, which would be a side-effect for future tests.
+    It's behavior isn't checked in these tests, so mock it out.
+    """
+    with mock.patch(f"{M_PATH}log.setup_basic_logging"):
+        yield
+
+
 class TestNetConvert:
 
     missing_required_args = itertools.combinations(
@@ -155,7 +167,13 @@ def test_argparse_error_on_missing_args(self, cmdargs, capsys, tmpdir):
         ),
     )
     def test_convert_output_kind_artifacts(
-        self, output_kind, outfile_content, debug, capsys, tmpdir
+        self,
+        output_kind,
+        outfile_content,
+        debug,
+        capsys,
+        tmpdir,
+        mock_setup_logging,
     ):
         """Assert proper output-kind artifacts are written."""
         network_data = tmpdir.join("network_data")
@@ -186,7 +204,9 @@ def test_convert_output_kind_artifacts(
                 ] == chown.call_args_list
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("debug", (False, True))
-    def test_convert_netplan_passthrough(self, debug, tmpdir):
+    def test_convert_netplan_passthrough(
+        self, debug, tmpdir, mock_setup_logging
+    ):
         """Assert that if the network config's version is 2 and the renderer is
         Netplan, then the config is passed through as-is.
         """
diff --git a/tests/unittests/cmd/test_main.py b/tests/unittests/cmd/test_main.py
index 2a9e063fe4d..7f580203e82 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/cmd/test_main.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/cmd/test_main.py
@@ -54,6 +54,18 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.patchUtils(self.new_root)
         self.stderr = StringIO()
         self.patchStdoutAndStderr(stderr=self.stderr)
+        # Every cc_ module calls get_meta_doc on import.
+        # This call will fail if filesystem redirection mocks are in place
+        # and the module hasn't already been imported which can depend
+        # on test ordering.
+        self.m_doc = mock.patch(
+            "cloudinit.config.schema.get_meta_doc", return_value={}
+        )
+        self.m_doc.start()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.m_doc.stop()
+        super().tearDown()
 
     def test_main_init_run_net_runs_modules(self):
         """Modules like write_files are run in 'net' mode."""
diff --git a/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_apt_configure.py b/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_apt_configure.py
index a75acd3cdde..0b0a4e8515a 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_apt_configure.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_apt_configure.py
@@ -298,6 +298,7 @@ class TestAptConfigure:
         ),
     )
     @mock.patch(M_PATH + "get_apt_cfg")
+    @mock.patch.object(features, "APT_DEB822_SOURCE_LIST_FILE", True)
     def test_remove_source(
         self,
         m_get_apt_cfg,
@@ -312,7 +313,6 @@ def test_remove_source(
             "sourceparts": f"{tmpdir}/etc/apt/sources.list.d/",
         }
         cloud = get_cloud(distro_name)
-        features.APT_DEB822_SOURCE_LIST_FILE = True
         sources_file = tmpdir.join("/etc/apt/sources.list")
         deb822_sources_file = tmpdir.join(
             f"/etc/apt/sources.list.d/{distro_name}.sources"
diff --git a/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_ca_certs.py b/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_ca_certs.py
index 905bbeb12cb..7013a95dbe8 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_ca_certs.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_ca_certs.py
@@ -380,6 +380,7 @@ def test_non_existent_cert_cfg(self):
                 cc_ca_certs.disable_default_ca_certs(distro_name, conf)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("clear_deprecation_log")
 class TestCACertsSchema:
     """Directly test schema rather than through handle."""
 
diff --git a/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_set_passwords.py b/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_set_passwords.py
index ef34a8c6052..d37faedd4c6 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_set_passwords.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_set_passwords.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # This file is part of cloud-init. See LICENSE file for license information.
 
+import copy
 import logging
 from unittest import mock
 
@@ -508,6 +509,7 @@ def test_chpasswd_parity(self, list_def, users_def):
 class TestExpire:
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("cfg", expire_cases)
     def test_expire(self, cfg, mocker, caplog):
+        cfg = copy.deepcopy(cfg)
         cloud = get_cloud()
         mocker.patch(f"{MODPATH}subp.subp")
         mocker.patch.object(cloud.distro, "chpasswd")
@@ -533,7 +535,9 @@ def test_expire(self, cfg, mocker, caplog):
     def test_expire_old_behavior(self, cfg, mocker, caplog):
         # Previously expire didn't apply to hashed passwords.
         # Ensure we can preserve that case on older releases
-        features.EXPIRE_APPLIES_TO_HASHED_USERS = False
+        mocker.patch.object(features, "EXPIRE_APPLIES_TO_HASHED_USERS", False)
+
+        cfg = copy.deepcopy(cfg)
         cloud = get_cloud()
         mocker.patch(f"{MODPATH}subp.subp")
         mocker.patch.object(cloud.distro, "chpasswd")
diff --git a/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_ssh.py b/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_ssh.py
index 544e0b67b8a..102519ebf58 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_ssh.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/config/test_cc_ssh.py
@@ -38,8 +38,10 @@ def publish_hostkey_test_setup(tmpdir):
         with open(filepath, "w") as f:
             f.write(" ".join(test_hostkeys[key_type]))
 
-    cc_ssh.KEY_FILE_TPL = os.path.join(hostkey_tmpdir, "ssh_host_%s_key")
-    yield test_hostkeys, test_hostkey_files
+    with mock.patch.object(
+        cc_ssh, "KEY_FILE_TPL", os.path.join(hostkey_tmpdir, "ssh_host_%s_key")
+    ):
+        yield test_hostkeys, test_hostkey_files
 
 
 def _replace_options(user: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
@@ -255,6 +257,7 @@ def test_handle_default_root(
     @mock.patch(MODPATH + "ug_util.normalize_users_groups")
     @mock.patch(MODPATH + "os.path.exists")
     @mock.patch(MODPATH + "util.fips_enabled", return_value=False)
+    @mock.patch.object(cc_ssh, "PUBLISH_HOST_KEYS", True)
     def test_handle_publish_hostkeys(
         self,
         m_fips,
@@ -268,7 +271,6 @@ def test_handle_publish_hostkeys(
     ):
         """Test handle with various configs for ssh_publish_hostkeys."""
         test_hostkeys, test_hostkey_files = publish_hostkey_test_setup
-        cc_ssh.PUBLISH_HOST_KEYS = True
         keys = ["key1"]
         user = "clouduser"
         # Return no matching keys for first glob, test keys for second.
@@ -282,7 +284,6 @@ def test_handle_publish_hostkeys(
         m_path_exists.return_value = True
         m_nug.return_value = ({user: {"default": user}}, {})
         cloud = get_cloud(distro="ubuntu", metadata={"public-keys": keys})
-        cloud.datasource.publish_host_keys = mock.Mock()
 
         expected_calls = []
         if expected_key_types is not None:
@@ -294,10 +295,15 @@ def test_handle_publish_hostkeys(
                     ]
                 )
             ]
-        cc_ssh.handle("name", cfg, cloud, None)
-        assert (
-            expected_calls == cloud.datasource.publish_host_keys.call_args_list
-        )
+
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            cloud.datasource, "publish_host_keys", mock.Mock()
+        ):
+            cc_ssh.handle("name", cfg, cloud, None)
+            assert (
+                expected_calls
+                == cloud.datasource.publish_host_keys.call_args_list
+            )
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
         "ssh_keys_group_exists,sshd_version,expected_private_permissions",
diff --git a/tests/unittests/conftest.py b/tests/unittests/conftest.py
index 5a46646f241..26d5bc784af 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/conftest.py
@@ -139,12 +139,21 @@ def dhclient_exists():
 log.configure_root_logger()
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
-def disable_root_logger_setup(request):
-    with mock.patch("cloudinit.cmd.main.configure_root_logger", autospec=True):
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope="session")
+def disable_root_logger_setup():
+    with mock.patch("cloudinit.log.configure_root_logger", autospec=True):
         yield
 
 
+@pytest.fixture
+def clear_deprecation_log():
+    """Clear any deprecation warnings before and after running tests."""
+    # Since deprecations are de-duped, the existance (or non-existance) of
+    # a deprecation warning in a previous test can cause the next test to
+    # fail.
+    util.deprecate._log = set()
+
+
 PYTEST_VERSION_TUPLE = tuple(map(int, pytest.__version__.split(".")))
 
 if PYTEST_VERSION_TUPLE < (3, 9, 0):
diff --git a/tests/unittests/distros/test_netconfig.py b/tests/unittests/distros/test_netconfig.py
index e3e2c8fe159..b8a22a89aff 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/distros/test_netconfig.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/distros/test_netconfig.py
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ def setUp(self):
 
     def _get_distro(self, dname, renderers=None, activators=None):
         cls = distros.fetch(dname)
-        cfg = settings.CFG_BUILTIN
+        cfg = copy.deepcopy(settings.CFG_BUILTIN)
         cfg["system_info"]["distro"] = dname
         system_info_network_cfg = {}
         if renderers:
diff --git a/tests/unittests/helpers.py b/tests/unittests/helpers.py
index 8c185e707bd..70ca9dff912 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/helpers.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/helpers.py
@@ -162,6 +162,7 @@ def setUp(self):
             self.old_handlers = self.logger.handlers
             self.logger.handlers = [handler]
             self.old_level = logging.root.level
+            self.logger.level = logging.DEBUG
         if self.allowed_subp is True:
             subp.subp = _real_subp
         else:
diff --git a/tests/unittests/runs/test_simple_run.py b/tests/unittests/runs/test_simple_run.py
index eec2db00bdf..7cb5a28e71f 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/runs/test_simple_run.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/runs/test_simple_run.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 import copy
 import os
+from unittest import mock
 
 from cloudinit import atomic_helper, safeyaml, stages, util
 from cloudinit.config.modules import Modules
@@ -45,6 +46,15 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.patchOS(self.new_root)
         self.patchUtils(self.new_root)
 
+        self.m_doc = mock.patch(
+            "cloudinit.config.schema.get_meta_doc", return_value={}
+        )
+        self.m_doc.start()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.m_doc.stop()
+        super().tearDown()
+
     def test_none_ds_populates_var_lib_cloud(self):
         """Init and run_section default behavior creates appropriate dirs."""
         # Now start verifying whats created
diff --git a/tests/unittests/sources/test_lxd.py b/tests/unittests/sources/test_lxd.py
index efc24883893..7ec67b4577d 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/sources/test_lxd.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/sources/test_lxd.py
@@ -333,13 +333,13 @@ def test_network_config_when_unset(self, lxd_ds):
         assert NETWORK_V1 == lxd_ds.network_config
         assert LXD_V1_METADATA == lxd_ds._crawled_metadata
 
+    @mock.patch.object(lxd, "generate_network_config", return_value=NETWORK_V1)
     def test_network_config_crawled_metadata_no_network_config(
-        self, lxd_ds_no_network_config
+        self, m_generate, lxd_ds_no_network_config
     ):
         """network_config is correctly computed when _network_config is unset
         and _crawled_metadata does not contain network_config.
         """
-        lxd.generate_network_config = mock.Mock(return_value=NETWORK_V1)
         assert UNSET == lxd_ds_no_network_config._crawled_metadata
         assert UNSET == lxd_ds_no_network_config._network_config
         assert None is lxd_ds_no_network_config.userdata_raw
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ def test_network_config_crawled_metadata_no_network_config(
             LXD_V1_METADATA_NO_NETWORK_CONFIG
             == lxd_ds_no_network_config._crawled_metadata
         )
-        assert 1 == lxd.generate_network_config.call_count
+        assert 1 == m_generate.call_count
 
 
 class TestIsPlatformViable:
diff --git a/tests/unittests/sources/test_vultr.py b/tests/unittests/sources/test_vultr.py
index 7fa02b1c9bb..117fdab0f60 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/sources/test_vultr.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/sources/test_vultr.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 # Vultr Metadata API:
 # https://www.vultr.com/metadata/
 
-import json
+import copy
 
 from cloudinit import helpers, settings
 from cloudinit.net.dhcp import NoDHCPLeaseError
@@ -13,6 +13,20 @@
 from cloudinit.sources.helpers import vultr
 from tests.unittests.helpers import CiTestCase, mock
 
+VENDOR_DATA = """\
+#cloud-config
+package_upgrade: true
+disable_root: 0
+ssh_pwauth: 1
+chpasswd:
+  expire: false
+  list:
+  - root:$6$SxXx...k2mJNIzZB5vMCDBlYT1
+system_info:
+  default_user:
+    name: root
+"""
+
 # Vultr metadata test data
 VULTR_V1_1 = {
     "bgp": {
@@ -58,18 +72,7 @@
     "startup-script": "echo No configured startup script",
     "raid1-script": "",
     "user-data": [],
-    "vendor-data": [
-        {
-            "package_upgrade": "true",
-            "disable_root": 0,
-            "ssh_pwauth": 1,
-            "chpasswd": {
-                "expire": False,
-                "list": ["root:$6$S2Smuj.../VqxmIR9Urw0jPZ88i4yvB/"],
-            },
-            "system_info": {"default_user": {"name": "root"}},
-        }
-    ],
+    "vendor-data": VENDOR_DATA,
 }
 
 VULTR_V1_2 = {
@@ -130,22 +133,9 @@
     "user-defined": [],
     "startup-script": "echo No configured startup script",
     "user-data": [],
-    "vendor-data": [
-        {
-            "package_upgrade": "true",
-            "disable_root": 0,
-            "ssh_pwauth": 1,
-            "chpasswd": {
-                "expire": False,
-                "list": ["root:$6$SxXx...k2mJNIzZB5vMCDBlYT1"],
-            },
-            "system_info": {"default_user": {"name": "root"}},
-        }
-    ],
+    "vendor-data": VENDOR_DATA,
 }
 
-VULTR_V1_3 = None
-
 SSH_KEYS_1 = ["ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1y...IQQhv5PAOKaIl+mM3c= test3@key"]
 
 CLOUD_INTERFACES = {
@@ -190,20 +180,6 @@
 
 FILTERED_INTERFACES = ["eth1", "eth2", "eth0"]
 
-# Expected generated objects
-
-# Expected config
-EXPECTED_VULTR_CONFIG = {
-    "package_upgrade": "true",
-    "disable_root": 0,
-    "ssh_pwauth": 1,
-    "chpasswd": {
-        "expire": False,
-        "list": ["root:$6$SxXx...k2mJNIzZB5vMCDBlYT1"],
-    },
-    "system_info": {"default_user": {"name": "root"}},
-}
-
 # Expected network config object from generator
 EXPECTED_VULTR_NETWORK_1 = {
     "version": 1,
@@ -271,28 +247,9 @@
 }
 
 
-FINAL_INTERFACE_USED = ""
-
-
 class TestDataSourceVultr(CiTestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        global VULTR_V1_3
         super(TestDataSourceVultr, self).setUp()
-
-        # Create v3
-        VULTR_V1_3 = VULTR_V1_2.copy()
-        VULTR_V1_3["cloud_interfaces"] = CLOUD_INTERFACES.copy()
-        VULTR_V1_3["interfaces"] = []
-
-        # Stored as a dict to make it easier to maintain
-        raw1 = json.dumps(VULTR_V1_1["vendor-data"][0])
-        raw2 = json.dumps(VULTR_V1_2["vendor-data"][0])
-
-        # Make expected format
-        VULTR_V1_1["vendor-data"] = [raw1]
-        VULTR_V1_2["vendor-data"] = [raw2]
-        VULTR_V1_3["vendor-data"] = [raw2]
-
         self.tmp = self.tmp_dir()
 
     # Test the datasource itself
@@ -330,8 +287,8 @@ def test_datasource(self, mock_getmeta, mock_isvultr, mock_netmap):
 
         # Test vendor config
         self.assertEqual(
-            EXPECTED_VULTR_CONFIG,
-            json.loads(vendordata[0].replace("#cloud-config", "")),
+            VENDOR_DATA,
+            vendordata,
         )
 
         self.maxDiff = orig_val
@@ -339,6 +296,15 @@ def test_datasource(self, mock_getmeta, mock_isvultr, mock_netmap):
         # Test network config generation
         self.assertEqual(EXPECTED_VULTR_NETWORK_2, source.network_config)
 
+    def _get_metadata(self):
+        # Create v1_3
+        vultr_v1_3 = VULTR_V1_2.copy()
+        vultr_v1_3["cloud_interfaces"] = CLOUD_INTERFACES.copy()
+        vultr_v1_3["interfaces"] = []
+        vultr_v1_3["vendor-data"] = copy.deepcopy(VULTR_V1_2["vendor-data"])
+
+        return vultr_v1_3
+
     # Test the datasource with new network config type
     @mock.patch("cloudinit.net.get_interfaces_by_mac")
     @mock.patch("cloudinit.sources.helpers.vultr.is_vultr")
@@ -346,7 +312,7 @@ def test_datasource(self, mock_getmeta, mock_isvultr, mock_netmap):
     def test_datasource_cloud_interfaces(
         self, mock_getmeta, mock_isvultr, mock_netmap
     ):
-        mock_getmeta.return_value = VULTR_V1_3
+        mock_getmeta.return_value = self._get_metadata()
         mock_isvultr.return_value = True
         mock_netmap.return_value = INTERFACE_MAP
 
@@ -375,7 +341,7 @@ def test_network_config(self, mock_netmap):
     @mock.patch("cloudinit.net.get_interfaces_by_mac")
     def test_private_network_config(self, mock_netmap):
         mock_netmap.return_value = INTERFACE_MAP
-        interf = VULTR_V1_2["interfaces"].copy()
+        interf = copy.deepcopy(VULTR_V1_2["interfaces"])
 
         # Test configuring
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -384,27 +350,10 @@ def test_private_network_config(self, mock_netmap):
 
         # Test unconfigured
         interf[1]["unconfigured"] = True
-        expected = EXPECTED_VULTR_NETWORK_2.copy()
+        expected = copy.deepcopy(EXPECTED_VULTR_NETWORK_2)
         expected["config"].pop(2)
         self.assertEqual(expected, vultr.generate_network_config(interf))
 
-    # Override ephemeral for proper unit testing
-    def ephemeral_init(
-        self, distro, iface="", connectivity_url_data=None, tmp_dir=None
-    ):
-        global FINAL_INTERFACE_USED
-        FINAL_INTERFACE_USED = iface
-        if iface == "eth0":
-            return
-        raise NoDHCPLeaseError("Generic for testing")
-
-    # Override ephemeral for proper unit testing
-    def ephemeral_init_always(
-        self, iface="", connectivity_url_data=None, tmp_dir=None
-    ):
-        global FINAL_INTERFACE_USED
-        FINAL_INTERFACE_USED = iface
-
     # Override ephemeral for proper unit testing
     def override_enter(self):
         return
@@ -415,7 +364,8 @@ def override_exit(self, excp_type, excp_value, excp_traceback):
 
     # Test interface seeking to ensure we are able to find the correct one
     @mock.patch(
-        "cloudinit.net.ephemeral.EphemeralDHCPv4.__init__", ephemeral_init
+        "cloudinit.net.ephemeral.EphemeralDHCPv4.__init__",
+        side_effect=(NoDHCPLeaseError("Generic for testing"), None),
     )
     @mock.patch(
         "cloudinit.net.ephemeral.EphemeralDHCPv4.__enter__", override_enter
@@ -431,6 +381,7 @@ def test_interface_seek(
         mock_interface_list,
         mock_read_metadata,
         mock_isvultr,
+        mock_eph_init,
     ):
         mock_read_metadata.return_value = {}
         mock_isvultr.return_value = True
@@ -447,36 +398,4 @@ def test_interface_seek(
         except Exception:
             pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(FINAL_INTERFACE_USED, INTERFACES[3])
-
-    # Test route checking sucessful DHCPs
-    @mock.patch(
-        "cloudinit.net.ephemeral.EphemeralDHCPv4.__init__",
-        ephemeral_init_always,
-    )
-    @mock.patch(
-        "cloudinit.net.ephemeral.EphemeralDHCPv4.__enter__", override_enter
-    )
-    @mock.patch(
-        "cloudinit.net.ephemeral.EphemeralDHCPv4.__exit__", override_exit
-    )
-    @mock.patch("cloudinit.sources.helpers.vultr.get_interface_list")
-    @mock.patch("cloudinit.sources.helpers.vultr.is_vultr")
-    @mock.patch("cloudinit.sources.helpers.vultr.read_metadata")
-    def test_interface_seek_route_check(
-        self, mock_read_metadata, mock_isvultr, mock_interface_list
-    ):
-        mock_read_metadata.return_value = {}
-        mock_interface_list.return_value = FILTERED_INTERFACES
-        mock_isvultr.return_value = True
-
-        source = DataSourceVultr.DataSourceVultr(
-            settings.CFG_BUILTIN, None, helpers.Paths({"run_dir": self.tmp})
-        )
-
-        try:
-            source._get_data()
-        except Exception:
-            pass
-
-        self.assertEqual(FINAL_INTERFACE_USED, INTERFACES[3])
+        assert mock_eph_init.call_args[1]["iface"] == FILTERED_INTERFACES[1]
diff --git a/tests/unittests/test_cli.py b/tests/unittests/test_cli.py
index 575b107c758..2681cddde7e 100644
--- a/tests/unittests/test_cli.py
+++ b/tests/unittests/test_cli.py
@@ -25,6 +25,14 @@ def mock_get_user_data_file(mocker, tmpdir):
     )
 
 
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope="module")
+def disable_setup_logging():
+    # setup_basic_logging can change the logging level to WARNING, so
+    # ensure it is always mocked
+    with mock.patch(f"{M_PATH}log.setup_basic_logging", autospec=True):
+        yield
+
+
 class TestCLI:
     def _call_main(self, sysv_args=None):
         if not sysv_args:
@@ -193,7 +201,7 @@ def test_all_subcommands_represented_in_help(self, capsys):
             ),
         ),
     )
-    @mock.patch("cloudinit.cmd.main.setup_basic_logging")
+    @mock.patch("cloudinit.cmd.main.log.setup_basic_logging")
     def test_subcommands_log_to_stderr_via_setup_basic_logging(
         self, setup_basic_logging, subcommand, log_to_stderr, mocks
     ):