diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 02d125638..4fa1bfd27 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
## [3.6.0](https://github.com/BLKSerene/Wordless/releases/tag/3.6.0) - ??/??/2024
### đ New Features
+- Measures: Add effect size - squared association ratio
- Utils: Add Stanza's Sindhi dependency parser
### đ Bugfixes
diff --git a/doc/doc.md b/doc/doc.md
index 3c8666b83..aa477d69b 100644
--- a/doc/doc.md
+++ b/doc/doc.md
@@ -946,11 +946,11 @@ The following variables would be used in formulas:
**NumCharsAlpha**: Number of alphabetic characters (letters, CJK characters, etc.)
Readability Formula|Formula|Supported Languages
-------------------|-------|:-----------------:
-Al-Heeti's Readability Prediction Formulaš ([Al-Heeti, 1984, pp. 102, 104, 106](#ref-al-heeti-1984))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/rd.svg)|**Arabic**
+Al-Heeti's readability formulaš ([Al-Heeti, 1984, pp. 102, 104, 106](#ref-al-heeti-1984))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/rd.svg)|**Arabic**
Automated Arabic Readability Index ([Al-Tamimi et al., 2013](#ref-al-tamimi-et-al-2013))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/aari.svg)|**Arabic**
Automated Readability Indexš ([Smith & Senter, 1967, p. 8](#ref-smith-senter-1967) Navy: [Kincaid et al., 1975, p. 14](#ref-kincaid-et-al-1975))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/ari.svg)|All languages
-Bormuth's Cloze Mean & Grade Placement ([Bormuth, 1969, pp. 152, 160](#ref-bormuth-1969))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/bormuths_cloze_mean_gp.svg) where **C** is the cloze criterion score, whose value could be changed via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Measures â Readability â Bormuth's Grade Placement â Cloze criterion score**|**English**
-Coleman-Liau Index ([Coleman & Liau, 1975](#ref-coleman-liau-1975))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/coleman_liau_index.svg)|All languages
-Coleman's Readability Formulaš ([Liau et al., 1976](#ref-liau-et-al-1976))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/colemans_readability_formula.svg)|All languages²³
-Dale-Chall Readability Formulaš ([Dale & Chall, 1948a](#ref-dale-chall-1948a); [Dale & Chall, 1948b](#ref-dale-chall-1948b) Powers-Sumner-Kearl: [Powers et al., 1958](#ref-powers-et-al-1958) New: [Chall & Dale, 1995](#ref-chall-dale-1995))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/x_c50.svg)|**English**
-Danielson-Bryan's Readability Formulaš ([Danielson & Bryan, 1963](#ref-danielson-bryan-1963))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/danielson_bryans_readability_formula.svg)|All languages
-Dawood's Readability Formula ([Dawood, 1977](#ref-dawood-1977))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/dawoods_readability_formula.svg)|**Arabic**
+Bormuth's cloze mean & grade placement ([Bormuth, 1969, pp. 152, 160](#ref-bormuth-1969))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/bormuths_cloze_mean_gp.svg) where **C** is the cloze criterion score, whose value could be changed via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Measures â Readability â Bormuth's Grade Placement â Cloze criterion score**|**English**
+Coleman-Liau index ([Coleman & Liau, 1975](#ref-coleman-liau-1975))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/coleman_liau_index.svg)|All languages
+Coleman's readability formulaš ([Liau et al., 1976](#ref-liau-et-al-1976))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/colemans_readability_formula.svg)|All languages²³
+Crawford's readability formula ([Crawford, 1985](#ref-crawford-1985))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/crawfords_readability_formula.svg)|**Spanish**²
+Dale-Chall readability formulaš ([Dale & Chall, 1948a](#ref-dale-chall-1948a); [Dale & Chall, 1948b](#ref-dale-chall-1948b) Powers-Sumner-Kearl: [Powers et al., 1958](#ref-powers-et-al-1958) New: [Chall & Dale, 1995](#ref-chall-dale-1995))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/x_c50.svg)|**English**
+Danielson-Bryan's readability formulaš ([Danielson & Bryan, 1963](#ref-danielson-bryan-1963))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/danielson_bryans_readability_formula.svg)|All languages
+Dawood's readability formula ([Dawood, 1977](#ref-dawood-1977))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/dawoods_readability_formula.svg)|**Arabic**
Degrees of Reading Power ([College Entrance Examination Board, 1981](#ref-college-entrance-examination-board-1981))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/drp.svg) where **M** is *Bormuth's cloze mean*.|**English**
Devereux Readability Index ([Smith, 1961](#ref-smith-1961))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/devereux_readability_index.svg)|All languages
Dickes-Steiwer Handformel ([Dickes & Steiwer, 1977](#ref-dickes-steiwer-1977))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/dickes_steiwer_handformel.svg)|All languages
Easy Listening Formula ([Fang, 1966](#ref-fang-1966))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/elf.svg)|All languages²
-Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level ([Kincaid et al., 1975, p. 14](#ref-kincaid-et-al-1975))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/gl.svg)|All languages²
-Flesch Reading Easeš ([Flesch, 1948](#ref-flesch-1948) Powers-Sumner-Kearl: [Powers et al., 1958](#ref-powers-et-al-1958) Dutch: [Douma, 1960, p. 453](#ref-douma-1960); [Brouwer, 1963](#ref-brouwer-1963) French: [Kandel & Moles, 1958](#ref-kandel-moles-1958) German: [Amstad, 1978](#ref-amstad-1978) Italian: [Franchina & Vacca, 1986](#ref-franchina-vacca-1986) Russian: [Oborneva, 2006, p. 13](#ref-oborneva-2006) Spanish: [Fernåndez Huerta, 1959](#ref-fernandez-huerta-1959); [Szigriszt Pazos, 1993, p. 247](#ref-szigrisze-pazos-1993) Ukrainian: [Partiko, 2001](#ref-partiko-2001))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/re.svg)|All languages²
-Flesch Reading Ease (Farr-Jenkins-Paterson)š ([Farr et al., 1951](#ref-farr-et-al-1951) Powers-Sumner-Kearl: [Powers et al., 1958](#ref-powers-et-al-1958))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/re_farr_jenkins_paterson.svg)|All languages²
-FORCAST Grade Level ([Caylor & Sticht, 1973, p. 3](#ref-caylor-sticht-1973))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/rgl.svg)
* **One sample of 150 words** would be taken randomly from the text, so the text should be **at least 150 words long**.|All languages²
-FĂłrmula de comprensibilidad de GutiĂŠrrez de Polini ([GutiĂŠrrez de Polini, 1972](#ref-gutierrez-de-polini-1972))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/cp.svg)|**Spanish**
-Fórmula de Crawford ([Crawford, 1985](#ref-crawford-1985))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/formula_de_crawford.svg)|**Spanish**²
+Flesch-Kincaid grade level ([Kincaid et al., 1975, p. 14](#ref-kincaid-et-al-1975))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/gl.svg)|All languages²
+Flesch reading easeš ([Flesch, 1948](#ref-flesch-1948) Powers-Sumner-Kearl: [Powers et al., 1958](#ref-powers-et-al-1958) Dutch: [Douma, 1960, p. 453](#ref-douma-1960); [Brouwer, 1963](#ref-brouwer-1963) French: [Kandel & Moles, 1958](#ref-kandel-moles-1958) German: [Amstad, 1978](#ref-amstad-1978) Italian: [Franchina & Vacca, 1986](#ref-franchina-vacca-1986) Russian: [Oborneva, 2006, p. 13](#ref-oborneva-2006) Spanish: [Fernåndez Huerta, 1959](#ref-fernandez-huerta-1959); [Szigriszt Pazos, 1993, p. 247](#ref-szigrisze-pazos-1993) Ukrainian: [Partiko, 2001](#ref-partiko-2001))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/re.svg)|All languages²
+Flesch reading ease (Farr-Jenkins-Paterson)š ([Farr et al., 1951](#ref-farr-et-al-1951) Powers-Sumner-Kearl: [Powers et al., 1958](#ref-powers-et-al-1958))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/re_farr_jenkins_paterson.svg)|All languages²
+FORCAST ([Caylor & Sticht, 1973, p. 3](#ref-caylor-sticht-1973))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/rgl.svg)
* **One sample of 150 words** would be taken randomly from the text, so the text should be **at least 150 words long**.|All languages²
Fucks's Stilcharakteristik ([Fucks, 1955](#ref-fucks-1955))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/fuckss_stilcharakteristik.svg)|All languages²
-Gulpease Index ([Lucisano & Emanuela Piemontese, 1988](#ref-lucisano-emanuela-piemontese-1988))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/gulpease_index.svg)|**Italian**
+GULPEASE ([Lucisano & Emanuela Piemontese, 1988](#ref-lucisano-emanuela-piemontese-1988))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/gulpease.svg)|**Italian**
Gunning Fog Indexš (English: [Gunning, 1968, p. 38](#ref-gunning-1968) Powers-Sumner-Kearl: [Powers et al., 1958](#ref-powers-et-al-1958) Navy: [Kincaid et al., 1975, p. 14](#ref-kincaid-et-al-1975) Polish: [Pisarek, 1969](#ref-pisarek-1969))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/fog_index.svg) where **NumHardWords** is the number of words with 3 or more syllables, except proper nouns and words with 3 syllables ending with *-ed* or *-es*, for **English texts**, and the number of words with 4 or more syllables in their base forms, except proper nouns, for **Polish texts**.|**English & Polish**²
+GutiĂŠrrez de Polini's readability formula ([GutiĂŠrrez de Polini, 1972](#ref-gutierrez-de-polini-1972))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/cp.svg)|**Spanish**
Legibilidad Âľ ([MuĂąoz Baquedano, 2006](#ref-munoz-baquedano-2006))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/mu.svg) where **LenWordsAvg** is the average word length in letters, and **LenWordsVar** is the variance of word lengths in letters.|**Spanish**
-Lensear Write ([OâHayre, 1966, p. 8](#ref-o-hayre-1966))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/lensear_write.svg) where **NumWords1Syl** is the number of monosyllabic words excluding *the*, *is*, *are*, *was*, *were*.
* **One sample of 100 words** would be taken randomly from the text, and if the text is **shorter than 100 words**, **NumWords1Syl** and **NumSentences** would be multiplied by 100 and then divided by **NumWords**.|**English**²
+Lensear Write Formula ([OâHayre, 1966, p. 8](#ref-o-hayre-1966))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/lensear_write_formula.svg) where **NumWords1Syl** is the number of monosyllabic words excluding *the*, *is*, *are*, *was*, *were*.
* **One sample of 100 words** would be taken randomly from the text, and if the text is **shorter than 100 words**, **NumWords1Syl** and **NumSentences** would be multiplied by 100 and then divided by **NumWords**.|**English**²
Lix ([BjĂśrnsson, 1968](#ref-bjornsson-1968))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/lix.svg)|All languages
Lorge Readability Indexš ([Lorge, 1944](#ref-lorge-1944) Corrected: [Lorge, 1948](#ref-lorge-1948))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/lorge_readability_index.svg)|**English**³
-Luong-Nguyen-Dinh's Readability Formula ([Luong et al., 2018](#ref-luong-et-al-2018))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/luong_nguyen_dinh_readability_formula.svg)
* The number of syllables is estimated by tokenizing the text by whitespace and counting the number of tokens excluding punctuation marks|**Vietnamese**
-McAlpine EFLAW Readability Score ([Nirmaldasan, 2009](#ref-nirmaldasan-2009))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/eflaw.svg)|**English**
+Luong-Nguyen-Dinh's readability formula ([Luong et al., 2018](#ref-luong-et-al-2018))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/luong_nguyen_dinhs_readability_formula.svg)
* The number of syllables is estimated by tokenizing the text by whitespace and counting the number of tokens excluding punctuation marks|**Vietnamese**
+McAlpine EFLAW Readability Score ([McAlpine, 2006](#ref-mcalpine-2006))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/eflaw.svg)|**English**
neue Wiener Literaturformelnš ([Bamberger & Vanecek, 1984, p. 82](#ref-bamberger-vanecek-1984))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/nwl.svg)|**German**²
neue Wiener Sachtextformelš ([Bamberger & Vanecek, 1984, pp. 83â84](#ref-bamberger-vanecek-1984))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/nws.svg)|**German**²
OSMAN ([El-Haj & Rayson, 2016](#ref-elhaj-rayson-2016))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/osman.svg) where **NumFaseehWords** is the number of words which have 5 or more syllables and contain ŘĄ/ŘŚ/ؤ/Ř°/ظ or end with Ůا/ŮŮ.
* The number of syllables in each word is estimated by adding up the number of short syllables and twice the number of long and stress syllables in each word.|**Arabic**
Rix ([Anderson, 1983](#ref-anderson-1983))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/rix.svg)|All languages
-SMOG Grade ([McLaughlin, 1969](#ref-mclaughlin-1969) German: [Bamberger & Vanecek, 1984, p.78](#ref-bamberger-vanecek-1984))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/smog_grade.svg)
* A sample would be constructed using **the first 10 sentences, the last 10 sentences, and the 10 sentences at the middle of the text**, so the text should be **at least 30 sentences long**.|All languages²
-Spache Grade Levelš ([Spache, 1953](#ref-spache-1953) Revised: [Spache, 1974](#ref-spache-1974))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/spache_grade_level.svg)
* **Three samples each of 100 words** would be taken randomly from the text and the results would be averaged out, so the text should be **at least 100 words long**.|All languages
-Strain Index ([Solomon, 2006](#ref-solomon-2006))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/strain_index.svg)
* A sample would be constructed using **the first 3 sentences in the text**, so the text should be **at least 3 sentences long**.|All languages²
-Tränkle & Bailer's Readability Formulaš ([Tränkle & Bailer, 1984](#ref-trankle-bailer-1984))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/trankle_bailers_readability_formula.svg)
* **One sample of 100 words** would be taken randomly from the text, so the text should be **at least 100 words long**.|All languagesÂł
-Tuldava's Text Difficulty ([Tuldava, 1975](#ref-tuldava-1975))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/td.svg)|All languages²
-Wheeler & Smith's Readability Formula ([Wheeler & Smith, 1954](#ref-wheeler-smith-1954))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/wheeler_smiths_readability_formula.svg) where **NumUnits** is the number of sentence segments ending in periods, question marks, exclamation marks, colons, semicolons, and dashes.|All languages²
+SMOG Grading ([McLaughlin, 1969](#ref-mclaughlin-1969) German: [Bamberger & Vanecek, 1984, p.78](#ref-bamberger-vanecek-1984))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/smog_grading.svg)
* A sample would be constructed using **the first 10 sentences, the last 10 sentences, and the 10 sentences at the middle of the text**, so the text should be **at least 30 sentences long**.|All languages²
+Spache readability formulaš ([Spache, 1953](#ref-spache-1953) Revised: [Spache, 1974](#ref-spache-1974))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/spache_readability_formula.svg)
* **Three samples each of 100 words** would be taken randomly from the text and the results would be averaged out, so the text should be **at least 100 words long**.|All languages
+Strain Index ([Nathaniel, 2017](#ref-nathaniel-2017))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/strain_index.svg)
* A sample would be constructed using **the first 3 sentences in the text**, so the text should be **at least 3 sentences long**.|All languages²
+Tränkle-Bailer's readability formulaš ([Tränkle & Bailer, 1984](#ref-trankle-bailer-1984))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/trankle_bailers_readability_formula.svg)
* **One sample of 100 words** would be taken randomly from the text, so the text should be **at least 100 words long**.|All languagesÂł
+Tuldava's readability formula ([Tuldava, 1975](#ref-tuldava-1975))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/td.svg)|All languages²
+Wheeler-Smith's readability formula ([Wheeler & Smith, 1954](#ref-wheeler-smith-1954))|![Formula](/doc/measures/readability/wheeler_smiths_readability_formula.svg) where **NumUnits** is the number of sentence segments ending in periods, question marks, exclamation marks, colons, semicolons, and dashes.|All languages²
> [!NOTE]
> 1. Variants available and can be selected via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Measures â Readability**
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ The following variables would be used in formulas:
**NumTokens**: Number of tokens
Indicator of Lexical Density/Diversity|Formula
--------------------------------------|-------
-BrunĂŠt's Index ([BrunĂŠt, 1978](#ref-brunet-1978))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/brunets_index.svg)
+BrunĂŠt's index ([BrunĂŠt, 1978](#ref-brunet-1978))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/brunets_index.svg)
Corrected TTR ([Carroll, 1964](#ref-carroll-1964))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/cttr.svg)
-Fisher's Index of Diversity ([Fisher et al., 1943](#ref-fisher-et-al-1943))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/fishers_index_of_diversity.svg) where Wââ is the -1 branch of the [Lambert W function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_W_function)
-Herdan's Vâ ([Herdan, 1955](#ref-herdan-1955))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/herdans_vm.svg)
+Fisher's Index of Diversity ([Fisher et al., 1943](#ref-fisher-et-al-1943))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/fishers_index_of_diversity.svg) where *W*ââ is the -1 branch of the [Lambert W function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_W_function)
+Herdan's vâ ([Herdan, 1955](#ref-herdan-1955))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/herdans_vm.svg)
HD-D ([McCarthy & Jarvis, 2010](#ref-mccarthy-jarvis-2010))|For detailed calculation procedures, see reference. The sample size could be modified via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Measures â Lexical Density/Diversity â HD-D â Sample size**.
-HonorĂŠ's Statistic ([HonorĂŠ, 1979](#ref-honore-1979))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/honores_stat.svg)
-Lexical Density ([Ure, 1971](#ref-ure-1971))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/lexical_density.svg) where **NumContentWords** is the number of content words. By default, all tokens whose universal part-of-speech tags assigned by built-in part-of-speech taggers are ADJ (adjectives), ADV (adverbs), INTJ (interjections), NOUN (nouns), PROPN (proper nouns), NUM (numerals), VERB (verbs), SYM (symbols), or X (others) are categorized as content words. For some built-in part-of-speech taggers, this behavior could be changed via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Part-of-speech Tagging â Tagsets â Mapping Settings â Content/Function Words**.
+HonorĂŠ's statistic ([HonorĂŠ, 1979](#ref-honore-1979))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/honores_stat.svg)
+Lexical density ([Ure, 1971](#ref-ure-1971))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/lexical_density.svg) where **NumContentWords** is the number of content words. By default, all tokens whose universal part-of-speech tags assigned by built-in part-of-speech taggers are ADJ (adjectives), ADV (adverbs), INTJ (interjections), NOUN (nouns), PROPN (proper nouns), NUM (numerals), VERB (verbs), SYM (symbols), or X (others) are categorized as content words. For some built-in part-of-speech taggers, this behavior could be changed via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Part-of-speech Tagging â Tagsets â Mapping Settings â Content/Function Words**.
LogTTRš (Herdan: [Herdan, 1960, p. 28](#ref-herdan-1960) Somers: [Somers, 1966](#ref-somers-1966) Rubet: [Dugast, 1979](#ref-dugast-1979) Maas: [Maas, 1972](#ref-maas-1972) Dugast: [Dugast, 1978](#ref-dugast-1978); [Dugast, 1979](#ref-dugast-1979))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/logttr.svg)
-Mean Segmental TTR ([Johnson, 1944](#ref-johnson-1944))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/msttr.svg) where **n** is the number of equal-sized segment, the length of which could be modified via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Measures â Lexical Density/Diversity â Mean Segmental TTR â Number of tokens in each segment**, **NumTypesSegᾢ** is the number of token types in the **i**-th segment, and **NumTokensSegᾢ** is the number of tokens in the **i**-th segment.
-Measure of Textual Lexical Diversity ([McCarthy, 2005, pp. 95â96, 99â100](#ref-mccarthy-2005); [McCarthy & Jarvis, 2010](#ref-mccarthy-jarvis-2010))|For detailed calculation procedures, see references. The factor size could be modified via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Measures â Lexical Density/Diversity â Measure of Textual Lexical Diversity â Factor size**.
+Mean segmental TTR ([Johnson, 1944](#ref-johnson-1944))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/msttr.svg) where **n** is the number of equal-sized segment, the length of which could be modified via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Measures â Lexical Density/Diversity â Mean Segmental TTR â Number of tokens in each segment**, **NumTypesSegᾢ** is the number of token types in the **i**-th segment, and **NumTokensSegᾢ** is the number of tokens in the **i**-th segment.
+Measure of textual lexical diversity ([McCarthy, 2005, pp. 95â96, 99â100](#ref-mccarthy-2005); [McCarthy & Jarvis, 2010](#ref-mccarthy-jarvis-2010))|For detailed calculation procedures, see references. The factor size could be modified via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Measures â Lexical Density/Diversity â Measure of Textual Lexical Diversity â Factor size**.
Moving-average TTR ([Covington & McFall, 2010](#ref-covington-mcfall-2010))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/mattr.svg) where **w** is the window size which could be modified via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Measures â Lexical Density/Diversity â Moving-average TTR â Window size**, **NumTypesWindowâ** is the number of token types within the moving window starting at position **p**, and **NumTokensWindowâ** is the number of tokens within the moving window starting at position **p**.
Popescu-MaÄutek-Altmann's Bâ/Bâ/Bâ/Bâ/Bâ ([Popescu et al., 2008](#ref-popescu-et-al-2008))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/popescu_macutek_altmanns_b1_b2_b3_b4_b5.svg)
Popescu's Râ ([Popescu, 2009, pp. 18, 30, 33](#ref-popescu-2009))|For detailed calculation procedures, see reference.
Popescu's Râ ([Popescu, 2009, pp. 35â36, 38](#ref-popescu-2009))|For detailed calculation procedures, see reference.
Popescu's Râ ([Popescu, 2009, pp. 48â49, 53](#ref-popescu-2009))|For detailed calculation procedures, see reference.
Popescu's Râ ([Popescu, 2009, p. 57](#ref-popescu-2009))|For detailed calculation procedures, see reference.
-Repeat Rateš ([Popescu, 2009, p. 166](#ref-popescu-2009))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/repeat_rate.svg)
+Repeat rateš ([Popescu, 2009, p. 166](#ref-popescu-2009))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/repeat_rate.svg)
Root TTR ([Guiraud, 1954](#ref-guiraud-1954))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/rttr.svg)
-Shannon Entropyš ([Popescu, 2009, p. 173](#ref-popescu-2009))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/shannon_entropy.svg)
+Shannon entropyš ([Popescu, 2009, p. 173](#ref-popescu-2009))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/shannon_entropy.svg)
Simpson's l ([Simpson, 1949](#ref-simpson-1949))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/simpsons_l.svg)
-Type-token Ratio ([Johnson, 1944](#ref-johnson-1944))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/ttr.svg)
+Type-token ratio ([Johnson, 1944](#ref-johnson-1944))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/ttr.svg)
vocd-D ([Malvern et al., 2004, pp. 51, 56â57](#ref-malvern-et-al-2004))|For detailed calculation procedures, see reference.
-Yule's Characteristic K ([Yule, 1944, pp. 52â53](#ref-yule-1944))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/yules_characteristic_k.svg)
+Yule's characteristic K ([Yule, 1944, pp. 52â53](#ref-yule-1944))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/yules_characteristic_k.svg)
Yule's Index of Diversity ([Williams, 1970, p. 100](#ref-williams-1970))|![Formula](/doc/measures/lexical_density_diversity/yules_index_of_diversity.svg)
> [!NOTE]
@@ -1304,16 +1304,16 @@ For distance-based measures, the distance between each pair of subsequent occurr
Then, the dispersion and adjusted frequency of the word are calculated as follows:
Measure of Effect Size|Formula
----------------------|-------
-%DIFF ([Gabrielatos & Marchi, 2012](#ref-gabrielatos-marchi-2012))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/pct_diff.svg)
-Cubic Association Ratio ([Daille, 1994](#ref-daille-1994), [1995](#ref-daille-1995))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/im3.svg)
-Dice's Coefficient ([Smadja et al., 1996](#ref-smadja-et-al-1996))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/dices_coeff.svg)
-Difference Coefficient ([Hofland & Johanson, 1982](#ref-hofland-johanson-1982); [Gabrielatos, 2018](#ref-gabrielatos-2018))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/diff_coeff.svg)
-Jaccard Index ([Dunning, 1998](#ref-dunning-1998))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/jaccard_index.svg)
-Kilgarriff's Ratio ([Kilgarriff, 2009](#ref-kilgarriff-2009))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/kilgarriffs_ratio.svg) where **Îą** is the smoothing parameter, whose value could be changed via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Measures â Effect Size â Kilgarriff's Ratio â Smoothing Parameter**.
-Log Ratio ([Hardie, 2014](#ref-hardie-2014))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/log_ratio.svg)
-Log-Frequency Biased MD ([Thanopoulos et al., 2002](#ref-thanopoulos-et-al-2002))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/lfmd.svg)
+%DIFF ([Gabrielatos & Marchi, 2011](#ref-gabrielatos-marchi-2011))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/pct_diff.svg)
+Cubic association ratio ([Daille, 1994](#ref-daille-1994))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/im3.svg)
+Dice-Sørensen coefficient ([Smadja et al., 1996](#ref-smadja-et-al-1996))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/dice_sorensen_coeff.svg)
+Difference coefficient ([Hofland & Johansson, 1982](#ref-hofland-johansson-1982); [Gabrielatos, 2018](#ref-gabrielatos-2018))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/diff_coeff.svg)
+Jaccard index ([Dunning, 1998](#ref-dunning-1998))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/jaccard_index.svg)
+Kilgarriff's ratio ([Kilgarriff, 2009](#ref-kilgarriff-2009))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/kilgarriffs_ratio.svg) where **Îą** is the smoothing parameter, whose value could be changed via **Menu Bar â Preferences â Settings â Measures â Effect Size â Kilgarriff's Ratio â Smoothing Parameter**.
logDice ([RychlĂ˝, 2008](#ref-rychly-2008))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/log_dice.svg)
-MI.log-f ([Lexical Computing Ltd., 2015](#ref-lexical-computing-ltd-2015); [Kilgarriff & Tugwell, 2002](#ref-kilgarriff-tugwell-2002))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/mi_log_f.svg)
-Minimum Sensitivity ([Pedersen, 1998](#ref-pedersen-1998))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/min_sensitivity.svg)
+Log-frequency biased MD ([Thanopoulos et al., 2002](#ref-thanopoulos-et-al-2002))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/lfmd.svg)
+Log Ratio ([Hardie, 2014](#ref-hardie-2014))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/log_ratio.svg)
+MI.log-f ([Kilgarriff & Tugwell, 2002](#ref-kilgarriff-tugwell-2002); [Lexical Computing Ltd., 2015](#ref-lexical-computing-ltd-2015))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/mi_log_f.svg)
+Minimum sensitivity ([Pedersen, 1998](#ref-pedersen-1998))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/min_sensitivity.svg)
Mutual Dependency ([Thanopoulos et al., 2002](#ref-thanopoulos-et-al-2002))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/md.svg)
Mutual Expectation ([Dias et al., 1999](#ref-dias-et-al-1999))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/me.svg)
-Mutual Information ([Dunning, 1998](#ref-dunning-1998))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/mi.svg)
-Odds Ratio ([Pojanapunya & Todd, 2016](#ref-pojanapunya-todd-2016))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/odds_ratio.svg)
-Pointwise Mutual Information ([Church & Hanks, 1990](#ref-church-hanks-1990))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/pmi.svg)
-Poisson Collocation Measure ([Quasthoff & Wolff, 2002](#ref-quasthoff-wolff-2002))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/poisson_collocation_measure.svg)
-Squared Phi Coefficient ([Church & Gale, 1991](#ref-church-gale-1991))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/squared_phi_coeff.svg)
+Mutual information ([Dunning, 1998](#ref-dunning-1998))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/mi.svg)
+Odds ratio ([Pojanapunya & Todd, 2016](#ref-pojanapunya-todd-2016))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/odds_ratio.svg)
+Pointwise mutual information ([Church & Hanks, 1990](#ref-church-hanks-1990))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/pmi.svg)
+Poisson collocation measure ([Quasthoff & Wolff, 2002](#ref-quasthoff-wolff-2002))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/poisson_collocation_measure.svg)
+Squared association ratio ([Daille, 1995](#ref-daille-1995))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/im2.svg)
+Squared phi coefficient ([Church & Gale, 1991](#ref-church-gale-1991))|![Formula](/doc/measures/effect_size/squared_phi_coeff.svg)
## [13 References](#doc)
@@ -1557,9 +1561,9 @@ Measure of Effect Size|Formula
1. [**^**](#ref-rix) Anderson, J. (1983). Lix and Rix: Variations on a little-known readability index. *Journal of Reading*, *26*(6), 490â496.
-1. [**^**](#ref-num-word-types-bamberger-vanecek) [**^**](#ref-nwl) [**^**](#ref-nws) [**^**](#ref-smog-grade) Bamberger, R., & Vanecek, E. (1984). *Lesen-verstehen-lernen-schreiben: Die schwierigkeitsstufen von texten in deutscher sprache*. Jugend und Volk.
+1. [**^**](#ref-num-word-types-bamberger-vanecek) [**^**](#ref-nwl) [**^**](#ref-nws) [**^**](#ref-smog-grading) Bamberger, R., & Vanecek, E. (1984). *Lesen-verstehen-lernen-schreiben: Die schwierigkeitsstufen von texten in deutscher sprache*. Jugend und Volk.
-1. [**^**](#ref-z-score-berry-rogghes) Berry-Rogghe, G. L. M. (1973). The computation of collocations and their relevance in lexical studies. In A. J. Aiken, R. W. Bailey, & N. Hamilton-Smith (Eds.), *The computer and literary studies* (pp. 103â112). Edinburgh University Press.
+1. [**^**](#ref-z-test-berry-rogghes) Berry-Rogghe, G. L. M. (1973). The computation of collocations and their relevance in lexical studies. In A. J. Aiken, R. W. Bailey, & N. Hamilton-Smith (Eds.), *The computer and literary studies* (pp. 103â112). Edinburgh University Press.
1. [**^**](#ref-bormuths-cloze-mean-gp) Bormuth, J. R. (1969). *Development of readability analyses*. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED029166.pdf
@@ -1589,11 +1593,11 @@ Measure of Effect Size|Formula
1. [**^**](#ref-mattr) Covington, M. A., & McFall, J. D. (2010). Cutting the Gordian knot: The moving-average type-token ratio (MATTR). *Journal of Quantitative Linguistics*, *17*(2), 94â100. https://doi.org/10.1080/09296171003643098
-1. [**^**](#ref-formula-de-crawford) Crawford, A. N. (1985). FĂłrmula y grĂĄfico para determinar la comprensibilidad de textos de nivel primario en castellano. *Lectura y Vida*, *6*(4). http://www.lecturayvida.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/numeros/a6n4/06_04_Crawford.pdf
+1. [**^**](#ref-crawfords-readability-formula) Crawford, A. N. (1985). FĂłrmula y grĂĄfico para determinar la comprensibilidad de textos de nivel primario en castellano. *Lectura y Vida*, *6*(4). http://www.lecturayvida.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/numeros/a6n4/06_04_Crawford.pdf
1. [**^**](#ref-im3) Daille, B. (1994). *Approche mixte pour l'extraction automatique de terminologie: statistiques lexicales et filtres linguistiques* [Doctoral thesis, Paris Diderot University]. BĂŠatrice Daille. http://www.bdaille.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=8&Itemid=
-1. [**^**](#ref-im3) Daille, B. (1995). Combined approach for terminology extraction: Lexical statistics and linguistic filtering. *UCREL technical papers* (Vol. 5). Lancaster University.
+1. [**^**](#ref-im2) Daille, B. (1995). Combined approach for terminology extraction: Lexical statistics and linguistic filtering. *UCREL technical papers* (Vol. 5). Lancaster University.
1. [**^**](#ref-num-words-dale-769) [**^**](#ref-num-word-types-dale-769) Dale, E. (1931). A comparison of two word lists. *Educational Research Bulletin*, *10*(18), 484â489.
@@ -1605,7 +1609,7 @@ Measure of Effect Size|Formula
1. [**^**](#ref-dawoods-readability-formula) Dawood, B.A.K. (1977). *The relationship between readability and selected language variables* [Unpublished masterâs thesis]. University of Baghdad.
-1. [**^**](#ref-z-score) Dennis, S. F. (1964). The construction of a thesaurus automatically from a sample of text. In M. E. Stevens, V. E. Giuliano, & L. B. Heilprin (Eds.), *Proceedings of the symposium on statistical association methods for mechanized documentation* (pp. 61â148). National Bureau of Standards.
+1. [**^**](#ref-z-test) Dennis, S. F. (1964). The construction of a thesaurus automatically from a sample of text. In M. E. Stevens, V. E. Giuliano, & L. B. Heilprin (Eds.), *Proceedings of the symposium on statistical association methods for mechanized documentation* (pp. 61â148). National Bureau of Standards.
1. [**^**](#ref-me) Dias, G., GuillorĂŠ, S., & Pereira Lopes, J. G. (1999). Language independent automatic acquisition of rigid multiword units from unrestricted text corpora. In A. Condamines, C. Fabre, & M. PĂŠry-Woodley (Eds.), *TALN'99: 6ème ConfĂŠrence Annuelle Sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles* (pp. 333â339). TALN.
@@ -1640,8 +1644,8 @@ Measure of Effect Size|Formula
1. [**^**](#ref-fuckss-stilcharakteristik) Fucks, W. (1955). *Unterschied des Prosastils von Dichtern und anderen Schriftstellern: ein Beispiel mathematischer Stilanalyse*. Bouvier.
1. [**^**](#ref-diff-coeff) Gabrielatos, C. (2018). Keyness analysis: Nature, metrics and techniques. In C. Taylor & A. Marchi (Eds.), *Corpus approaches to discourse: A critical review* (pp. 225â258). Routledge.
-
-1. [**^**](#ref-pct-diff) Gabrielatos, C., & Marchi, A. (2012, September 13â14). *Keyness: Appropriate metrics and practical issues* [Conference session]. CADS International Conference 2012, University of Bologna, Italy.
+
+1. [**^**](#ref-pct-diff) Gabrielatos, C., & Marchi, A. (2011, November 5). *Keyness: Matching metrics to definitions* [Conference session]. Corpus Linguistics in the South 1, University of Portsmouth, UK. https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/51449/4/Gabrielatos_Marchi_Keyness.pdf
1. [**^**](#ref-griess-dp) Gries, S. T. (2008). Dispersions and adjusted frequencies in corpora. *International Journal of Corpus Linguistics*, *13*(4), 403â437. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.13.4.02gri
@@ -1651,13 +1655,13 @@ Measure of Effect Size|Formula
1. [**^**](#ref-cp) GutiĂŠrrez de Polini, L. E. (1972). *InvestigaciĂłn sobre lectura en Venezuela* [Paper presentation]. Primeras Jornadas de EducaciĂłn Primaria, Ministerio de EducaciĂłn, Caracas, Venezuela.
-1. [**^**](#ref-log-ratio) Hardie, A. (2014, April 28). *Log ratio: An informal introduction*. ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science (CASS). http://cass.lancs.ac.uk/log-ratio-an-informal-introduction/
+1. [**^**](#ref-log-ratio) Hardie, A. (2014, April 28). *Log Ratio: An informal introduction*. ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science (CASS). http://cass.lancs.ac.uk/log-ratio-an-informal-introduction/
1. [**^**](#ref-herdans-vm) Herdan, G. (1955). A new derivation and interpretation of Yule's âCharacteristicâ K. *Zeitschrift fĂźr Angewandte Mathematik und Physik (ZAMP)*, *6*(4), 332â339. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01587632
1. [**^**](#ref-logttr) Herdan, G. (1960). *Type-token mathematics: A textbook of mathematical linguistics*. Mouton.
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-1. [**^**](#ref-pearsons-chi-squared-test) [**^**](#ref-diff-coeff) Hofland, K., & Johanson, S. (1982). *Word frequencies in British and American English*. Norwegian Computing Centre for the Humanities.
+
+1. [**^**](#ref-pearsons-chi-squared-test) [**^**](#ref-diff-coeff) Hofland, K., & Johansson, S. (1982). *Word frequencies in British and American English*. Norwegian Computing Centre for the Humanities.
1. [**^**](#ref-honores-stat) HonorĂŠ, A. (1979). Some simple measures of richness of vocabulary. *Association of Literary and
Linguistic Computing Bulletin*, *7*(2), 172â177.
@@ -1688,7 +1692,7 @@ Linguistic Computing Bulletin*, *7*(2), 172â177.
1. [**^**](#ref-lorge-readability-index) Lorge, I. (1948). The Lorge and Flesch readability formulae: A correction. *School and Society*, *67*, 141â142.
-1. [**^**](#ref-gulpease-index) Lucisano, P., & Emanuela Piemontese, M. (1988). GULPEASE: A formula for the prediction of the difficulty of texts in Italian. *Scuola e CittĂ *, *39*(3), 110â124.
+1. [**^**](#ref-gulpease) Lucisano, P., & Emanuela Piemontese, M. (1988). GULPEASE: A formula for the prediction of the difficulty of texts in Italian. *Scuola e CittĂ *, *39*(3), 110â124.
1. [**^**](#ref-num-syls-luong-nguyen-dinh-1000) [**^**](#ref-luong-nguyen-dinhs-readability-formula) Luong, A.-V., Nguyen, D., & Dinh, D. (2018). A new formula for Vietnamese text readability assessment. *2018 10th International Conference on Knowledge and Systems Engineering (KSE)* (pp. 198â202). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/KSE.2018.8573379
@@ -1697,22 +1701,22 @@ Linguistic Computing Bulletin*, *7*(2), 172â177.
1. [**^**](#ref-vocdd) Malvern, D., Richards, B., Chipere, N., & DurĂĄn, P. (2004). *Lexical diversity and language development: Quantification and assessment*. Palgrave Macmillan.
1. [**^**](#ref-logttr) Maas, H.-D. (1972). Ăber den zusammenhang zwischen wortschatzumfang und länge eines textes. *Zeitschrift fĂźr Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik*, *2*(8), 73â96.
+
+1. [**^**](#ref-eflaw) McAlpine, R. (2006). *From plain English to global English*. Journalism Online. Retrieved October 31, 2024, from https://www.angelfire.com/nd/nirmaldasan/journalismonline/fpetge.html
1. [**^**](#ref-mtld) McCarthy, P. M. (2005). *An assessment of the range and usefulness of lexical diversity measures and the potential of the measure of textual, lexical diversity (MTLD)* [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Memphis]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
1. [**^**](#ref-hdd) [**^**](#ref-mtld) McCarthy, P. M., & Jarvis, S. (2010). MTLD, vocd-D, and HD-D: A validation study of sophisticated approaches to lexical diversity assessment. *Behavior Research Methods*, *42*(2), 381â392. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.2.381
-1. [**^**](#ref-smog-grade) McLaughlin, G. H. (1969). SMOG grading: A new readability formula. *Journal of Reading*, *12*(8), 639â646.
+1. [**^**](#ref-smog-grading) McLaughlin, G. H. (1969). SMOG Grading: A new readability formula. *Journal of Reading*, *12*(8), 639â646.
1. [**^**](#ref-mu) MuĂąoz Baquedano, M. (2006). Legibilidad y variabilidad de los textos. *BoletĂn de InvestigaciĂłn Educacional, Pontificia Universidad CatĂłlica de Chile*, *21*(2), 13â26.
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-1. [**^**](#ref-eflaw) Nirmaldasan. (2009, April 30). *McAlpine EFLAW readability score*. Readability Monitor. Retrieved November 15, 2022, from https://strainindex.wordpress.com/2009/04/30/mcalpine-eflaw-readability-score/
1. [**^**](#ref-pearsons-chi-squared-test) Oakes, M. P. (1998). *Statistics for Corpus Linguistics*. Edinburgh University Press.
1. [**^**](#ref-re) Oborneva, I. V. (2006). *ĐвŃОПаŃиСиŃĐžĐ˛Đ°Đ˝Đ˝Đ°Ń ĐžŃонка ŃНОМнОŃŃи ŃŃойнŃŃ ŃокŃŃОв на ĐžŃнОво ŃŃĐ°ŃиŃŃиŃĐľŃĐşĐ¸Ń ĐżĐ°ŃаПоŃŃОв* [Doctoral dissertation, Institute for Strategy of Education Development of the Russian Academy of Education]. Freereferats.ru. https://static.freereferats.ru/_avtoreferats/01002881899.pdf?ver=3
-1. [**^**](#ref-lensear-write) OâHayre, J. (1966). *Gobbledygook has gotta go*. U.S. Government Printing Office. https://www.governmentattic.org/15docs/Gobbledygook_Has_Gotta_Go_1966.pdf
+1. [**^**](#ref-lensear-write-formula) OâHayre, J. (1966). *Gobbledygook has gotta go*. U.S. Government Printing Office. https://www.governmentattic.org/15docs/Gobbledygook_Has_Gotta_Go_1966.pdf
1. [**^**](#ref-students-t-test-2-sample) Paquot, M., & Bestgen, Y. (2009). Distinctive words in academic writing: A comparison of three statistical tests for keyword extraction. *Language and Computers*, *68*, 247â269.
@@ -1740,21 +1744,21 @@ Linguistic Computing Bulletin*, *7*(2), 172â177.
1. [**^**](#ref-ald) [**^**](#ref-fald) [**^**](#ref-arf) [**^**](#ref-farf) [**^**](#ref-awt) [**^**](#ref-fawt) SavickĂ˝, P., & HlavĂĄÄovĂĄ, J. (2002). Measures of word commonness. *Journal of Quantitative Linguistics*, *9*(3), 215â231. https://doi.org/10.1076/jqul.9.3.215.14124
-1. [**^**](#ref-simpsons-l) Simpson, E. H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. *Nature*, *163*, p. 688. https://doi.org/10.1038/163688a0
+1. [**^**](#ref-simpsons-l) Simpson, E. H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. *Nature*, *163*, 688. https://doi.org/10.1038/163688a0
-1. [**^**](#ref-dices-coeff) Smadja, F., McKeown, K. R., & Hatzivassiloglou, V. (1996). Translating collocations for bilingual lexicons: A statistical approach. *Computational Linguistics*, *22*(1), 1â38.
+1. [**^**](#ref-dice-sorensen-coeff) Smadja, F., McKeown, K. R., & Hatzivassiloglou, V. (1996). Translating collocations for bilingual lexicons: A statistical approach. *Computational Linguistics*, *22*(1), 1â38.
1. [**^**](#ref-devereux-readability-index) Smith, E. A. (1961). Devereaux readability index. *Journal of Educational Research*, *54*(8), 298â303. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1961.10882728
1. [**^**](#ref-ari) Smith, E. A., & Senter, R. J. (1967). *Automated readability index*. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0667273.pdf
-
-1. [**^**](#ref-strain-index) Solomon, N. W. (2006). *Qualitative analysis of media language* [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Madurai Kamaraj University.
+
+1. [**^**](#ref-strain-index) Nathaniel, W. S. (2017). *A quantitative analysis of media language* [Masterâs thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University]. LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
1. [**^**](#ref-logttr) Somers, H. H. (1966). Statistical methods in literary analysis. In J. Leeds (Ed.), *The computer and literary style* (pp. 128â140). Kent State University Press.
-1. [**^**](#ref-spache-grade-level) Spache, G. (1953). A new readability formula for primary-grade reading materials. *Elementary School Journal*, *53*(7), 410â413. https://doi.org/10.1086/458513
+1. [**^**](#ref-spache-readability-formula) Spache, G. (1953). A new readability formula for primary-grade reading materials. *Elementary School Journal*, *53*(7), 410â413. https://doi.org/10.1086/458513
-1. [**^**](#ref-num-words-spache) [**^**](#ref-spache-grade-level) Spache, G. (1974). *Good reading for poor readers* (Rev. 9th ed.). Garrard.
+1. [**^**](#ref-num-words-spache) [**^**](#ref-spache-readability-formula) Spache, G. (1974). *Good reading for poor readers* (Rev. 9th ed.). Garrard.
1. [**^**](#ref-re) Szigriszt Pazos, F. (1993). *Sistemas predictivos de legibilidad del mensaje escrito: Formula de perspicuidad* [Doctoral dissertation, Complutense University of Madrid]. Biblos-e Archivo. https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/handle/10486/2488/3907_barrio_cantalejo_ines_maria.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
-
-